Molecular epidemiological studies of veterinary arboviral encephalitides.
Abstract: Recent studies using molecular genetic approaches have made important contributions to our understanding of the epidemiology of veterinary arboviral encephalitides. Viruses utilizing avian enzootic hosts, such as Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) and North American Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), evolve as relatively few, highly conserved genotypes that extend over wide geographic regions; viruses utilizing mammalian hosts with more limited dispersal evolve within multiple genotypes, each geographically restricted. Similar findings have been reported for Australian alphaviruses. This difference may be related to vertebrate host relationships and the relative mobility of mammals and avians. Whereas EEEV and Venezualan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) utilize small mammalian hosts in the tropics, most WEEV genotypes probably utilize avian hosts in both North and South America. The ability of mobile, infected avian hosts to disperse alphaviruses may result in continual mixing of virus populations, and thus limit diversification. This high degree of genetic conservation is also exhibited by EEE and Highlands J viruses in North America, where passerine birds serve as amplifying hosts in enzootic transmission foci. Most equine arboviral pathogens, including EEEV, WEEV and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), occur in a naturally virulent enzootic state and require only appropriate ecological conditions to cause epizootics and epidemics. However, VEE epizootics apparently require genetic changes to convert avirulent enzootic strains into distinct epizootic serotypes. All of these arboviruses have the potential to cause severe disease of veterinary and human health importance, and further molecular epidemiological studies will undoubtedly improve our ability to understand and control future emergence.
Publication Date: 1999-04-16 PubMed ID: 10204408DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.1998.0289Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Research Support
- U.S. Gov't
- P.H.S.
- Review
- Arboviruses
- Diagnosis
- Disease control
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Etiology
- Disease Management
- Disease Outbreaks
- Disease Transmission
- Disease Treatment
- Encephalitis
- Encephalomyelitis
- Epidemiology
- Equine Diseases
- Equine Health
- Infectious Disease
- Molecular biology
- Public Health
- Veterinary Research
- Veterinary Science
- Virus
- Zoonotic Diseases
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The recent research article seeks to explain the epidemiology of veterinary arboviral encephalitides through molecular genetic studies. It particularly emphasizes the varied evolution of these viruses in relation to their arthropod hosts and geographic dispersion.
Understanding the Veterinary Arboviral Encephalitides
- The research article skews towards an exploration of the epidemiology of arboviral encephalitides, which are diseases primarily spread to vertebrates such as horses and other animals by mosquitos. These diseases, including Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), Highlands J viruses, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), can pose significant threats to veterinary and human health.
- Molecular genetic studies are used to provide valuable insights into these viruses’ evolution, diversity, and dissemination. Each virus’s evolution ties closely to the dispersal abilities of their vertebrate hosts, often birds or small mammals.
- Depending on the host, viruses demonstrate distinct patterns in genetic conservation and geographical spread. For instance, viruses using avian enzootic hosts like WEEV and EEEV evolve into few but high-conserved genotypes with wide geographical ranges. On the other hand, viruses leveraging mammalian hosts with limited dispersal tend to evolve within multiple geographically restricted genotypes.
- This divergence could be attributed to the varying mobility of mammals and birds.
- The research demonstrates different patterns through case studies of EEEV and VEEV. While EEEV and VEEV utilize small mammalian hosts in the tropics, WEEV genotypes are most probably avian in both North and South America.
- Those avian hosts infected with WEEV can disperse the alphaviruses over a wide radius, allowing for continual mixing of virus populations and restricting diversification. This pattern of rapid genetic conservation is also found in the EEEV and Highlands J viruses, primarily when passerine (a type of bird) acts as a host.
- Equine arboviral pathogens, including EEEV, WEEV, and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), exist in a naturally virulent state and can cause epidemics and epizootics when ecological conditions align. VEEV, on the other hand, requires genetic changes to transform avirulent enzootic strains into distinct, and concerning, epizootic serotypes.
- Given the potential severe diseases these arboviruses can cause in veterinary and human health, continued molecular epidemiological studies are crucial to augment our understanding and control of these viruses’ future emergence.
Virus Variation and Geographic Distribution
Case Study: Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus
Implications on Veterinary Health
Cite This Article
APA
Weaver SC, Powers AM, Brault AC, Barrett AD.
(1999).
Molecular epidemiological studies of veterinary arboviral encephalitides.
Vet J, 157(2), 123-138.
https://doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.1998.0289 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0609, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Alphavirus / genetics
- Animals
- Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese / genetics
- Encephalitis, Japanese / transmission
- Encephalitis, Japanese / veterinary
- Encephalitis, Japanese / virology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine / transmission
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine / veterinary
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine / virology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / transmission
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / veterinary
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / virology
- Humans
Grant Funding
- AI 10984 / NIAID NIH HHS
- AI 39508 / NIAID NIH HHS
- AI 39800 / NIAID NIH HHS
Citations
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