FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Equine veterinary journal2008; 40(2); 178-181; doi: 10.2746/042516408X276942

Monitoring the fate of autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal progenitor cells injected into the superficial digital flexor tendon of horses: preliminary study.

Abstract: Autologous mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) purified from bone marrow aspirates are being used in the treatment of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries in the horse with promising results. In this study the fate of autologous and allogeneic MPCs following injection into the SDFT was monitored by stable transfection of MPCs with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Small lesions were created manually in one forelimb SDFT of 2 horses and injected with autologous MPCs, allogeneic MPCs or bone marrow supernatant alone. Post mortem examinations performed after 10 or 34 days revealed GFP labelled cells located mainly within injected lesions, but with a small proportion integrated into the crimp pattern of adjacent healthy areas of tendon. Furthermore, there was no visible cell mediated immune response to allogeneic MPCs in either of the host horses.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2008-02-13 PubMed ID: 18267891DOI: 10.2746/042516408X276942Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigates the results of injecting purified bone marrow cells into tendon injuries in horses. It utilizes a green fluorescent protein to track the whereabouts of these cells once injected. The study notes promising outcomes, including integration of these cells into healthy areas of the tendon.

Study Overview

  • The research’s main objective was to investigate the use of autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) in the treatment of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries in horses.
  • The researchers opted to track the cells by marking them with green fluorescent protein (GFP), allowing them to observe whether and where the cells integrated into the animals’ tissues.

Methodology

  • The team first isolated the mesenchymal progenitor cells from bone marrow aspirates. These are essentially immature cells that can potentially develop into multiple types of tissue.
  • These cells were then injected into the SDFT of two horses in which small lesions had been manually created.
  • In the experiment, one horse was administered autologous cells (cells from its own body) while the other received allogeneic cells (cells from another horse).
  • For controls, bone marrow supernatant alone, devoid of these cells, was also used.

Findings

  • After the horses were euthanized, post mortem examinations revealed that the GFP-labelled cells were mostly located within the lesions where they had been injected. However, a small number of cells were found to have integrated into healthy area of the tendon suggesting possible repair activity.
  • Interestingly, the study did not observe any visible cell-mediated immune response in either of the horses who received allogeneic cells. This suggests that cells from different horses (allogeneic) did not trigger an immune reaction, marking the potential for use of such cells in therapeutic settings.

Implication of Results

  • These promising results indicate that MPCs, whether autologous or allogeneic, could potentially be used in treating tendon injuries in horses.
  • The lack of a visible immune response in the horses receiving allogeneic cells may indicate potential for broader application of this treatment, potentially eliminating the need to harvest cells from the injured individual’s own body.

Cite This Article

APA
Guest DJ, Smith MR, Allen WR. (2008). Monitoring the fate of autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal progenitor cells injected into the superficial digital flexor tendon of horses: preliminary study. Equine Vet J, 40(2), 178-181. https://doi.org/10.2746/042516408X276942

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 0425-1644
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 178-181

Researcher Affiliations

Guest, D J
  • University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine Equine Fertility Unit, Mertoun Paddocks, Woodditton Road, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 9BH, UK.
Smith, M R W
    Allen, W R

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Green Fluorescent Proteins
      • Horse Diseases / therapy
      • Horses / injuries
      • Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / methods
      • Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / veterinary
      • Mesenchymal Stem Cells / pathology
      • Tendon Injuries / therapy
      • Tendon Injuries / veterinary
      • Tendons
      • Transplantation, Autologous
      • Treatment Outcome

      Citations

      This article has been cited 55 times.
      1. Domaniza M, Hluchy M, Cizkova D, Humenik F, Slovinska L, Hudakova N, Hornakova L, Vozar J, Trbolova A. Two Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stem-Cells Injections to Osteoarthritic Elbows in Dogs-Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jul 4;13(13).
        doi: 10.3390/ani13132195pubmed: 37443993google scholar: lookup
      2. Prządka P, Buczak K, Frejlich E, Gąsior L, Suliga K, Kiełbowicz Z. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in Veterinary Medicine and Their Use in Musculoskeletal Disorders. Biomolecules 2021 Aug 2;11(8).
        doi: 10.3390/biom11081141pubmed: 34439807google scholar: lookup
      3. Kamm JL, Riley CB, Parlane N, Gee EK, McIlwraith CW. Interactions Between Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and the Recipient Immune System: A Comparative Review With Relevance to Equine Outcomes. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:617647.
        doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.617647pubmed: 33521090google scholar: lookup
      4. Ribitsch I, Baptista PM, Lange-Consiglio A, Melotti L, Patruno M, Jenner F, Schnabl-Feichter E, Dutton LC, Connolly DJ, van Steenbeek FG, Dudhia J, Penning LC. Large Animal Models in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: To Do or Not to Do. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020;8:972.
        doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00972pubmed: 32903631google scholar: lookup
      5. Mocchi M, Dotti S, Bue MD, Villa R, Bari E, Perteghella S, Torre ML, Grolli S. Veterinary Regenerative Medicine for Musculoskeletal Disorders: Can Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Their Secretome Be the New Frontier?. Cells 2020 Jun 11;9(6).
        doi: 10.3390/cells9061453pubmed: 32545382google scholar: lookup
      6. Chen YR, Yan X, Yuan FZ, Ye J, Xu BB, Zhou ZX, Mao ZM, Guan J, Song YF, Sun ZW, Wang XJ, Chen ZY, Wang DY, Fan BS, Yang M, Song ST, Jiang D, Yu JK. The Use of Peripheral Blood-Derived Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair and Regeneration In Vivo: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2020;11:404.
        doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00404pubmed: 32308625google scholar: lookup
      7. MacDonald ES, Barrett JG. The Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Systemic Inflammation in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:507.
        doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00507pubmed: 32039250google scholar: lookup
      8. Gugjoo MB, Hussain S, Amarpal, Shah RA, Dhama K. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Immuno-Modulatory and Anti- Inflammatory Mechanisms in Immune and Allergic Disorders. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 2020;14(1):3-14.
        doi: 10.2174/1872213X14666200130100236pubmed: 32000656google scholar: lookup
      9. Horstmeier C, Ahrberg AB, Berner D, Burk J, Gittel C, Hillmann A, Offhaus J, Brehm W. In Vivo Magic Angle Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Cell Tracking in Equine Low-Field MRI. Stem Cells Int 2019;2019:5670106.
        doi: 10.1155/2019/5670106pubmed: 31933650google scholar: lookup
      10. Al Naem M, Bourebaba L, Kucharczyk K, Röcken M, Marycz K. Therapeutic mesenchymal stromal stem cells: Isolation, characterization and role in equine regenerative medicine and metabolic disorders. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020 Apr;16(2):301-322.
        doi: 10.1007/s12015-019-09932-0pubmed: 31797146google scholar: lookup
      11. Chung MJ, Park S, Son JY, Lee JY, Yun HH, Lee EJ, Lee EM, Cho GJ, Lee S, Park HS, Jeong KS. Differentiation of equine induced pluripotent stem cells into mesenchymal lineage for therapeutic use. Cell Cycle 2019 Nov;18(21):2954-2971.
        doi: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1664224pubmed: 31505996google scholar: lookup
      12. Shojaee A, Parham A. Strategies of tenogenic differentiation of equine stem cells for tendon repair: current status and challenges. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019 Jun 18;10(1):181.
        doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1291-0pubmed: 31215490google scholar: lookup
      13. Bertoni L, Branly T, Jacquet S, Desancé M, Desquilbet L, Rivory P, Hartmann DJ, Denoix JM, Audigié F, Galéra P, Demoor M. Intra-Articular Injection of 2 Different Dosages of Autologous and Allogeneic Bone Marrow- and Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Triggers a Variable Inflammatory Response of the Fetlock Joint on 12 Sound Experimental Horses. Stem Cells Int 2019;2019:9431894.
        doi: 10.1155/2019/9431894pubmed: 31191689google scholar: lookup
      14. Kornicka K, Geburek F, Röcken M, Marycz K. Stem Cells in Equine Veterinary Practice-Current Trends, Risks, and Perspectives. J Clin Med 2019 May 14;8(5).
        doi: 10.3390/jcm8050675pubmed: 31091732google scholar: lookup
      15. McDougall RA, Canapp SO, Canapp DA. Ultrasonographic Findings in 41 Dogs Treated with Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate and Platelet-Rich Plasma for a Supraspinatus Tendinopathy: A Retrospective Study. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:98.
        doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00098pubmed: 29868619google scholar: lookup
      16. Barboni B, Russo V, Berardinelli P, Mauro A, Valbonetti L, Sanyal H, Canciello A, Greco L, Muttini A, Gatta V, Stuppia L, Mattioli M. Placental Stem Cells from Domestic Animals: Translational Potential and Clinical Relevance. Cell Transplant 2018 Jan;27(1):93-116.
        doi: 10.1177/0963689717724797pubmed: 29562773google scholar: lookup
      17. Schröck C, Eydt C, Geburek F, Kaiser L, Päbst F, Burk J, Pfarrer C, Staszyk C. Bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from horses after euthanasia. Vet Med Sci 2017 Nov;3(4):239-251.
        doi: 10.1002/vms3.74pubmed: 29152317google scholar: lookup
      18. Beerts C, Suls M, Broeckx SY, Seys B, Vandenberghe A, Declercq J, Duchateau L, Vidal MA, Spaas JH. Tenogenically Induced Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Plasma: 2-Year Follow-up after Tendon or Ligament Treatment in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2017;4:158.
        doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00158pubmed: 29018808google scholar: lookup
      19. Sherman AB, Gilger BC, Berglund AK, Schnabel LV. Effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and stem cell supernatant on equine corneal wound healing in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017 May 25;8(1):120.
        doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0577-3pubmed: 28545510google scholar: lookup
      20. Esteves CL, Sheldrake TA, Dawson L, Menghini T, Rink BE, Amilon K, Khan N, Péault B, Donadeu FX. Equine Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Retain a Pericyte-Like Phenotype. Stem Cells Dev 2017 Jul 1;26(13):964-972.
        doi: 10.1089/scd.2017.0017pubmed: 28376684google scholar: lookup
      21. Bertone AL, Reisbig NA, Kilborne AH, Kaido M, Salmanzadeh N, Lovasz R, Sizemore JL, Scheuermann L, Kopp RJ, Zekas LJ, Brokken MT. Equine Dental Pulp Connective Tissue Particles Reduced Lameness in Horses in a Controlled Clinical Trial. Front Vet Sci 2017;4:31.
        doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00031pubmed: 28344975google scholar: lookup
      22. Rubio-Azpeitia E, Sánchez P, Delgado D, Andia I. Adult Cells Combined With Platelet-Rich Plasma for Tendon Healing: Cell Source Options. Orthop J Sports Med 2017 Feb;5(2):2325967117690846.
        doi: 10.1177/2325967117690846pubmed: 28321425google scholar: lookup
      23. Zahedi M, Parham A, Dehghani H, Mehrjerdi HK. Stemness Signature of Equine Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2017 May 30;10(1):93-102.
        doi: 10.15283/ijsc16036pubmed: 28222255google scholar: lookup
      24. Kuemmerle JM, Theiss F, Okoniewski MJ, Weber FA, Hemmi S, Mirsaidi A, Richards PJ, Cinelli P. Identification of Novel Equine (Equus caballus) Tendon Markers Using RNA Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2016 Nov 10;7(11).
        doi: 10.3390/genes7110097pubmed: 27834918google scholar: lookup
      25. Scharf A, Holmes SP, Thoresen M, Mumaw J, Stumpf A, Peroni J. MRI-Based Assessment of Intralesional Delivery of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Model of Equine Tendonitis. Stem Cells Int 2016;2016:8610964.
        doi: 10.1155/2016/8610964pubmed: 27746821google scholar: lookup
      26. Canapp SO Jr, Canapp DA, Ibrahim V, Carr BJ, Cox C, Barrett JG. The Use of Adipose-Derived Progenitor Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma Combination for the Treatment of Supraspinatus Tendinopathy in 55 Dogs: A Retrospective Study. Front Vet Sci 2016;3:61.
        doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00061pubmed: 27668218google scholar: lookup
      27. Burk J, Plenge A, Brehm W, Heller S, Pfeiffer B, Kasper C. Induction of Tenogenic Differentiation Mediated by Extracellular Tendon Matrix and Short-Term Cyclic Stretching. Stem Cells Int 2016;2016:7342379.
        doi: 10.1155/2016/7342379pubmed: 27630718google scholar: lookup
      28. Berner D, Brehm W, Gerlach K, Gittel C, Offhaus J, Paebst F, Scharner D, Burk J. Longitudinal Cell Tracking and Simultaneous Monitoring of Tissue Regeneration after Cell Treatment of Natural Tendon Disease by Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Stem Cells Int 2016;2016:1207190.
        doi: 10.1155/2016/1207190pubmed: 26880932google scholar: lookup
      29. Geburek F, Mundle K, Conrad S, Hellige M, Walliser U, van Schie HT, van Weeren R, Skutella T, Stadler PM. Tracking of autologous adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells with in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and histology after intralesional treatment of artificial equine tendon lesions--a pilot study. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016 Feb 1;7:21.
        doi: 10.1186/s13287-016-0281-8pubmed: 26830812google scholar: lookup
      30. Dudhia J, Becerra P, Valdés MA, Neves F, Hartman NG, Smith RK. In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy. J Vis Exp 2015 Dec 9;(106):e52748.
        doi: 10.3791/52748pubmed: 26709915google scholar: lookup
      31. Bavin EP, Smith O, Baird AE, Smith LC, Guest DJ. Equine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells have a Reduced Tendon Differentiation Capacity Compared to Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Vet Sci 2015;2:55.
        doi: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00055pubmed: 26664982google scholar: lookup
      32. Vandenberghe A, Broeckx SY, Beerts C, Seys B, Zimmerman M, Verweire I, Suls M, Spaas JH. Tenogenically Induced Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Proximal Suspensory Ligament Desmitis in a Horse. Front Vet Sci 2015;2:49.
        doi: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00049pubmed: 26664976google scholar: lookup
      33. Tessier L, Bienzle D, Williams LB, Koch TG. Phenotypic and immunomodulatory properties of equine cord blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. PLoS One 2015;10(4):e0122954.
        doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122954pubmed: 25902064google scholar: lookup
      34. Alipour F, Parham A, Kazemi Mehrjerdi H, Dehghani H. Equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: phenotype and growth characteristics, gene expression profile and differentiation potentials. Cell J 2015 Winter;16(4):456-65.
        doi: 10.22074/cellj.2015.491pubmed: 25685736google scholar: lookup
      35. Guevara-Alvarez A, Schmitt A, Russell RP, Imhoff AB, Buchmann S. Growth factor delivery vehicles for tendon injuries: Mesenchymal stem cells and Platelet Rich Plasma. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2014 Jul;4(3):378-85.
        pubmed: 25489557
      36. Marędziak M, Marycz K, Lewandowski D, Siudzińska A, Śmieszek A. Static magnetic field enhances synthesis and secretion of membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs) rich in VEGF and BMP-2 in equine adipose-derived stromal cells (EqASCs)-a new approach in veterinary regenerative medicine. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015 Mar;51(3):230-40.
        doi: 10.1007/s11626-014-9828-0pubmed: 25428200google scholar: lookup
      37. Paterson YZ, Rash N, Garvican ER, Paillot R, Guest DJ. Equine mesenchymal stromal cells and embryo-derived stem cells are immune privileged in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014 Jul 30;5(4):90.
        doi: 10.1186/scrt479pubmed: 25080326google scholar: lookup
      38. Barberini DJ, Freitas NP, Magnoni MS, Maia L, Listoni AJ, Heckler MC, Sudano MJ, Golim MA, da Cruz Landim-Alvarenga F, Amorim RM. Equine mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord: immunophenotypic characterization and differentiation potential. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014 Feb 21;5(1):25.
        doi: 10.1186/scrt414pubmed: 24559797google scholar: lookup
      39. Marędziak M, Marycz K, Smieszek A, Lewandowski D, Toker NY. The influence of static magnetic fields on canine and equine mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014 Jun;50(6):562-71.
        doi: 10.1007/s11626-013-9730-1pubmed: 24477562google scholar: lookup
      40. Broeckx S, Zimmerman M, Crocetti S, Suls M, Mariën T, Ferguson SJ, Chiers K, Duchateau L, Franco-Obregón A, Wuertz K, Spaas JH. Regenerative therapies for equine degenerative joint disease: a preliminary study. PLoS One 2014;9(1):e85917.
        doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085917pubmed: 24465787google scholar: lookup
      41. Schnabel LV, Pezzanite LM, Antczak DF, Felippe MJ, Fortier LA. Equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells are heterogeneous in MHC class II expression and capable of inciting an immune response in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014 Jan 24;5(1):13.
        doi: 10.1186/scrt402pubmed: 24461709google scholar: lookup
      42. De Schauwer C, Goossens K, Piepers S, Hoogewijs MK, Govaere JL, Smits K, Meyer E, Van Soom A, Van de Walle GR. Characterization and profiling of immunomodulatory genes of equine mesenchymal stromal cells from non-invasive sources. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014 Jan 13;5(1):6.
        doi: 10.1186/scrt395pubmed: 24418262google scholar: lookup
      43. Guest DJ, Ousey JC, Smith MR. Defining the expression of marker genes in equine mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells Cloning 2008;1:1-9.
        doi: 10.2147/sccaa.s3824pubmed: 24198500google scholar: lookup
      44. Smith RK, Werling NJ, Dakin SG, Alam R, Goodship AE, Dudhia J. Beneficial effects of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in naturally occurring tendinopathy. PLoS One 2013;8(9):e75697.
        doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075697pubmed: 24086616google scholar: lookup
      45. Carrade DD, Borjesson DL. Immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells in veterinary species. Comp Med 2013 Jun;63(3):207-17.
        pubmed: 23759523
      46. Tetta C, Consiglio AL, Bruno S, Tetta E, Gatti E, Dobreva M, Cremonesi F, Camussi G. The role of microvesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells in tissue regeneration; a dream for tendon repair?. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2012 Jul;2(3):212-21.
        pubmed: 23738299
      47. Raabe O, Shell K, Goessl A, Crispens C, Delhasse Y, Eva A, Scheiner-Bobis G, Wenisch S, Arnhold S. Effect of extracorporeal shock wave on proliferation and differentiation of equine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Am J Stem Cells 2013;2(1):62-73.
        pubmed: 23671817
      48. Lessa TB, Carvalho RC, Franciolli AL, de Oliveira LJ, Barreto RS, Feder D, Bressan FF, Miglino MA, Ambrósio CE. Muscle reorganisation through local injection of stem cells in the diaphragm of mdx mice. Acta Vet Scand 2012 Dec 12;54(1):73.
        doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-73pubmed: 23231953google scholar: lookup
      49. Mensing N, Gasse H, Hambruch N, Haeger JD, Pfarrer C, Staszyk C. Isolation and characterization of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from the gingiva and the periodontal ligament of the horse. BMC Vet Res 2011 Aug 2;7:42.
        doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-42pubmed: 21810270google scholar: lookup
      50. Torricelli P, Fini M, Filardo G, Tschon M, Pischedda M, Pacorini A, Kon E, Giardino R. Regenerative medicine for the treatment of musculoskeletal overuse injuries in competition horses. Int Orthop 2011 Oct;35(10):1569-76.
        doi: 10.1007/s00264-011-1237-3pubmed: 21394594google scholar: lookup
      51. Watts AE, Yeager AE, Kopyov OV, Nixon AJ. Fetal derived embryonic-like stem cells improve healing in a large animal flexor tendonitis model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011 Jan 27;2(1):4.
        doi: 10.1186/scrt45pubmed: 21272343google scholar: lookup
      52. Lovati AB, Corradetti B, Lange Consiglio A, Recordati C, Bonacina E, Bizzaro D, Cremonesi F. Comparison of equine bone marrow-, umbilical cord matrix and amniotic fluid-derived progenitor cells. Vet Res Commun 2011 Feb;35(2):103-21.
        doi: 10.1007/s11259-010-9457-3pubmed: 21193959google scholar: lookup
      53. Murray SJ, Santangelo KS, Bertone AL. Evaluation of early cellular influences of bone morphogenetic proteins 12 and 2 on equine superficial digital flexor tenocytes and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Am J Vet Res 2010 Jan;71(1):103-14.
        doi: 10.2460/ajvr.71.1.103pubmed: 20043789google scholar: lookup
      54. Koch TG, Berg LC, Betts DH. Current and future regenerative medicine - principles, concepts, and therapeutic use of stem cell therapy and tissue engineering in equine medicine. Can Vet J 2009 Feb;50(2):155-65.
        pubmed: 19412395
      55. Violini S, Ramelli P, Pisani LF, Gorni C, Mariani P. Horse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells express embryo stem cell markers and show the ability for tenogenic differentiation by in vitro exposure to BMP-12. BMC Cell Biol 2009 Apr 22;10:29.
        doi: 10.1186/1471-2121-10-29pubmed: 19383177google scholar: lookup
      Subscribe to our newsletter
      Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.