Musculoskeletal modeling and dynamic simulation of the thoroughbred equine forelimb during stance phase of the gallop.
Abstract: Because thoroughbred racehorses have a high incidence of forelimb musculoskeletal injuries, a model was desired to screen potential risk factors for injuries. This paper describes the development of a musculoskeletal model of the thoroughbred forelimb and a dynamic simulation of the motion of the distal segments during the stance phase of high-speed (18 m/s) gallop. The musculoskeletal model is comprised of segment, joint, muscle-tendon, and ligament information. The dynamic simulation incorporates a proximal forward-driving force, a distal ground reaction force model, muscle activations, and initial positions and velocities. A simulation of the gallop after transection of an accessory ligament demonstrated increased soft tissue strains in the remaining support structures of the distal forelimb. These data were consistent with those previously reported from in vitro experimental data and supported usefulness of the model for the study of distal forelimb soft tissue mechanics during the stance phase of the gallop.
Publication Date: 2005-06-24 PubMed ID: 15971710DOI: 10.1115/1.1865196Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Comparative Study
- Evaluation Study
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research presents a developed musculoskeletal model of a racehorse’s forelimb. The model enabled a dynamic simulation that monitors the forelimb’s movements during a high-speed gallop, which could potentially help in identifying risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in racehorses.
Musculoskeletal Model
- The study developed a musculoskeletal model specific to the forelimb of a thoroughbred racehorse.
- This model explored the various components of the forelimb including segments, joints, muscle-tendon, and ligament information.
- The purpose of this model was to better understand the mechanics of the equine forelimb and potentially identify risk factors that could contribute to injuries.
Dynamic Simulation
- The study also conducted a dynamic simulation of the forelimb during the stance phase of a high-speed gallop, at 18 meters per second.
- The components of this simulation included a proximal forward-driving force, a ground reaction force model touching the distal, muscle activations, and the initial positions and velocities of the forelimb.
- The goal of this simulation was to recreate the actual physical strain endured by racehorses during a gallop, thereby providing valuable data for injury prediction and prevention.
Injury Study and Model Validation
- In order to validate the model, the researchers simulated a gallop after the transection of an accessory ligament in the forelimb.
- This simulation led to increased soft tissue strains in the structures supporting the distal forelimb — a result that was anticipated and supported the model’s effectiveness.
- The data achieved from the simulation were consistent with results from previously conducted in-vitro experiments, further validating the robustness and applicability of the model.
- The findings suggested that the developed model could indeed be effective in studying the mechanics of the distal forelimb’s soft tissues during a gallop’s stance phase.
Cite This Article
APA
Swanstrom MD, Zarucco L, Hubbard M, Stover SM, Hawkins DA.
(2005).
Musculoskeletal modeling and dynamic simulation of the thoroughbred equine forelimb during stance phase of the gallop.
J Biomech Eng, 127(2), 318-328.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1865196 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Computer Simulation
- Forelimb / injuries
- Forelimb / physiology
- Horses / physiology
- Joints / injuries
- Joints / physiology
- Ligaments / physiology
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Contraction / physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal / injuries
- Muscle, Skeletal / physiology
- Risk Assessment / methods
- Risk Factors
- Running / injuries
- Running / physiology
- Stress, Mechanical
- Tendons / physiology
Citations
This article has been cited 7 times.- Demuth OE, Herbst E, Polet DT, Wiseman ALA, Hutchinson JR. Modern three-dimensional digital methods for studying locomotor biomechanics in tetrapods.. J Exp Biol 2023 Apr 25;226(Suppl_1).
- Kamimura T, Sato K, Aoi S, Higurashi Y, Wada N, Tsuchiya K, Sano A, Matsuno F. Three Characteristics of Cheetah Galloping Improve Running Performance Through Spinal Movement: A Modeling Study.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022;10:825638.
- Pagliara E, Pasinato A, Valazza A, Riccio B, Cantatore F, Terzini M, Putame G, Parrilli A, Sartori M, Fini M, Zanetti EM, Bertuglia A. Multibody Computer Model of the Entire Equine Forelimb Simulates Forces Causing Catastrophic Fractures of the Carpus during a Traditional Race.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Mar 16;12(6).
- Yamada T, Aoi S, Adachi M, Kamimura T, Higurashi Y, Wada N, Tsuchiya K, Matsuno F. Center of Mass Offset Enhances the Selection of Transverse Gallop in High-Speed Running by Horses: A Modeling Study.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022;10:825157.
- Harrison SM, Whitton RC, Stover SM, Symons JE, Cleary PW. A Coupled Biomechanical-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Model for Horse Racing Tracks.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022;10:766748.
- Kamimura T, Aoi S, Higurashi Y, Wada N, Tsuchiya K, Matsuno F. Dynamical determinants enabling two different types of flight in cheetah gallop to enhance speed through spine movement.. Sci Rep 2021 May 5;11(1):9631.
- MacLaren JA, McHorse BK. Comparative forelimb myology and muscular architecture of a juvenile Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus).. J Anat 2020 Jan;236(1):85-97.
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