FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2012; 26(2); 384-392; doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00885.x

Nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus-1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in Western Canada.

Abstract: There is little information on the duration of nasal shedding of EHV-1 from horses with naturally occurring equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Objective: To evaluate the duration of nasal shedding of EHV-1 in horses affected by EHM. Methods: One hundred and four horses naturally exposed to EHV-1, 20 of which had clinical signs of EHM. Methods: All horses on affected premises were monitored. Those horses developing EHM were sampled in a longitudinal outbreak investigation. Nasal swabs were collected daily from 16 of 20 horses affected by EHM. A qPCR was performed on 98 of 246 nasal swab samples to determine nasal shedding duration. Historical and clinical information was analyzed to evaluate potential risk factors for developing EHM and duration of shedding during this outbreak. Results: The last day shedding was detected in any horse was Disease Day 9. EHV-1 was detected in two-thirds of horses tested on Disease Days 0-3. The amount of EHV-1 DNA found in nasal swabs varied markedly and was not associated with disease severity or age. The odds of developing EHM were greater for febrile horses (OR = 20.3; 95% CI 3.4-390.3; P = .01) as well as for horses attending the riding clinic (OR = 4.1; 95% CI 0.84-21.65; P = .08). Conclusions: Biosecurity measures should be implemented for a minimum of 14 days beyond the onset of clinical signs of EHM. Animal managers cannot rely on the severity of clinical signs to predict the duration of EHV-1 shedding.
Copyright © 2012 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2012-02-15 PubMed ID: 22332764DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00885.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates the duration and variability of nasal shedding in horses affected by Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy (EHM) during an outbreak in Western Canada. It emphasizes the need for biosecurity measures, as the severity of clinical signs cannot reliably predict how long EHV-1 shedding will occur.

Study Objective and Methodology

  • The primary objective of the study was to assess the duration of nasal shedding of Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in horses during an EHM outbreak.
  • 104 horses that were naturally exposed to EHV-1 were monitored. Among these, 20 showed clinical signs of EHM.
  • Horses that developed EHM symptoms were longitudinally investigated during the outbreak, and their nasal swabs were collected daily.
  • A quantitative PCR (qPCR) was conducted on 98 out of 246 nasal swab samples to assess the longevity of nasal shedding.
  • Clinical and historical data of the horses were analyzed to identify potential risk factors for developing EHM and the duration of shedding during the outbreak.

Results

  • The last day EHV-1 was detected in any horse’s nasal swab was on the 9th day of the disease.
  • EHV-1 was found in the nasal swabs of roughly two-thirds of the sampled horses within the first three days of disease progression.
  • There was a considerable variance in the EHV-1 DNA found in the nasal swabs. This find was not linked to the severity of the disease or the age of the horse.
  • Horses with fever had a significantly higher likelihood of developing EHM (OR = 20.3). Similarly, horses attending the riding clinic had an increased risk of developing EHM, but it wasn’t statistically significant (OR = 4.1).

Conclusions and Recommendations

  • Considering the duration of EHV-1 shedding, biosecurity measures should be implemented for a minimum of 14 days after the onset of EHM symptoms.
  • Animal managers cannot solely depend on the severity of clinical signs to predict the duration of EHV-1 shedding.

Cite This Article

APA
Burgess BA, Tokateloff N, Manning S, Lohmann K, Lunn DP, Hussey SB, Morley PS. (2012). Nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus-1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in Western Canada. J Vet Intern Med, 26(2), 384-392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00885.x

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 26
Issue: 2
Pages: 384-392

Researcher Affiliations

Burgess, B A
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
Tokateloff, N
    Manning, S
      Lohmann, K
        Lunn, D P
          Hussey, S B
            Morley, P S

              MeSH Terms

              • Animals
              • Antibodies, Viral / blood
              • DNA, Viral / chemistry
              • DNA, Viral / genetics
              • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
              • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
              • Female
              • Herpesviridae Infections / epidemiology
              • Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
              • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
              • Herpesviridae Infections / virology
              • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / genetics
              • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
              • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / isolation & purification
              • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
              • Horse Diseases / immunology
              • Horse Diseases / virology
              • Horses
              • Logistic Models
              • Longitudinal Studies
              • Male
              • Nasal Mucosa / immunology
              • Nasal Mucosa / virology
              • Nervous System Diseases / epidemiology
              • Nervous System Diseases / immunology
              • Nervous System Diseases / veterinary
              • Nervous System Diseases / virology
              • Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
              • Saskatchewan / epidemiology
              • Virus Shedding / immunology

              Citations

              This article has been cited 17 times.
              1. Pusterla N, James K, Barnum S, Bain F, Barnett DC, Chappell D, Gaughan E, Craig B, Schneider C, Vaala W. Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008-2021). Pathogens 2022 Jul 2;11(7).
                doi: 10.3390/pathogens11070759pubmed: 35890002google scholar: lookup
              2. Pusterla N, Barnum S, Young A, Mendonsa E, Lee S, Hankin S, Brittner S, Finno CJ. Molecular Monitoring of EHV-1 in Silently Infected Performance Horses through Nasal and Environmental Sample Testing. Pathogens 2022 Jun 24;11(7).
                doi: 10.3390/pathogens11070720pubmed: 35889966google scholar: lookup
              3. Price D, Barnum S, Mize J, Pusterla N. Investigation of the Use of Non-Invasive Samples for the Molecular Detection of EHV-1 in Horses with and without Clinical Infection. Pathogens 2022 May 13;11(5).
                doi: 10.3390/pathogens11050574pubmed: 35631095google scholar: lookup
              4. Carvelli A, Nielsen SS, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L. Clinical impact, diagnosis and control of Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection in Europe. EFSA J 2022 Apr;20(4):e07230.
                doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7230pubmed: 35414834google scholar: lookup
              5. Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Carvelli A, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Baldinelli F, Van der Stede Y. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus-1. EFSA J 2022 Jan;20(1):e07036.
                doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7036pubmed: 35035581google scholar: lookup
              6. Pusterla N, Barnum S, Miller J, Varnell S, Dallap-Schaer B, Aceto H, Simeone A. Investigation of an EHV-1 Outbreak in the United States Caused by a New H(752) Genotype. Pathogens 2021 Jun 13;10(6).
                doi: 10.3390/pathogens10060747pubmed: 34199153google scholar: lookup
              7. Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Rola J. Outbreak of equid herpesvirus 1 abortions at the Arabian stud in Poland. BMC Vet Res 2020 Oct 6;16(1):374.
                doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02586-ypubmed: 33023592google scholar: lookup
              8. Oladunni FS, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry. Front Microbiol 2019;10:2668.
                doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02668pubmed: 31849857google scholar: lookup
              9. Back H, Weld J, Walsh C, Cullinane A. Equine Rhinitis A Virus Infection in Thoroughbred Racehorses-A Putative Role in Poor Performance?. Viruses 2019 Oct 18;11(10).
                doi: 10.3390/v11100963pubmed: 31635401google scholar: lookup
              10. Garvey M, Lyons R, Hector RD, Walsh C, Arkins S, Cullinane A. Molecular Characterisation of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Isolates from Cases of Abortion, Respiratory and Neurological Disease in Ireland between 1990 and 2017. Pathogens 2019 Jan 15;8(1).
                doi: 10.3390/pathogens8010007pubmed: 30650561google scholar: lookup
              11. Tallmadge RL, Žygelytė E, Van de Walle GR, Kristie TM, Felippe MJB. Effect of a Histone Demethylase Inhibitor on Equine Herpesvirus-1 Activity In Vitro. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:34.
                doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00034pubmed: 29594155google scholar: lookup
              12. Cooper CJ, Arroyo LG, Hammermueller JD, Botts MM, Pearl DL, Wootton SK, Lillie BN. Molecular prevalence of equine alphaherpesvirus-1 shedding in healthy broodmares in Ontario. Can J Vet Res 2026 Jan;90(1):16-24.
                pubmed: 41585008
              13. de la Cuesta-Torrado M, Velloso Alvarez A, Santiago-Llorente I, Armengou L, Nieto F, Ríos J, Cruz-López F, Jose-Cunilleras E. Risk Factors and Long-Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, Spain. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Mar-Apr;39(2):e70040.
                doi: 10.1111/jvim.70040pubmed: 40055829google scholar: lookup
              14. Mohamed E, Zarak I, Vereecke N, Theuns S, Laval K, Nauwynck H. Genomic analysis and replication kinetics of the closely related EHV-1 neuropathogenic 21P40 and abortigenic 97P70 strains. Vet Res 2025 Jan 13;56(1):12.
                doi: 10.1186/s13567-024-01434-3pubmed: 39806433google scholar: lookup
              15. El Brini Z, Cullinane A, Garvey M, Fassi Fihri O, Fellahi S, Amraoui F, Loutfi C, Sebbar G, Paillot R, Piro M. First Molecular and Phylogenetic Characterization of Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and Equine Herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) in Morocco. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jan 5;15(1).
                doi: 10.3390/ani15010102pubmed: 39795045google scholar: lookup
              16. Pusterla N, Lawton K, Barnum S, Ross K, Purcell K. Investigation of an Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus-1 Myeloencephalopathy in a Population of Aged Working Equids. Viruses 2024 Dec 21;16(12).
                doi: 10.3390/v16121963pubmed: 39772269google scholar: lookup
              17. Lunn DP, Burgess BA, Dorman DC, Goehring LS, Gross P, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Soboll Hussey G. Updated ACVIM consensus statement on equine herpesvirus-1. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1290-1299.
                doi: 10.1111/jvim.17047pubmed: 38497217google scholar: lookup
              Subscribe to our newsletter
              Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.