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Journal of veterinary internal medicine2022; 36(6); 2254-2262; doi: 10.1111/jvim.16533

Neurological disease suspected to be caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus infection in 6 horses in Switzerland.

Abstract: Reports on acute tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infections with signs of neurologic disease in horses are limited. Objective: To describe the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings of suspected acute TBEV infections in 6 horses. Methods: Six horses originating from TBEV endemic regions of Switzerland were presented to equine hospitals with acute onset of neurologic disease between 2011 and 2019. Methods: Retrospective case series. Horses with acute onset of signs of neurologic disease that were subjected to clinical and microbiological examinations to rule out infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system. Results: All horses exhibited acute signs of neurologic disease including ataxia and proprioceptive deficits. Horses tested positive for TBEV using virus neutralization test and samples were further tested for TBEV-specific IgM. The presence of TBEV-specific IgM antibodies was confirmed in 5 horses (cases 1-5, Laboratory Unit [LU] values ranging from 30 to 56). One horse (case no. 6) with an LU value just below the test threshold (LU = 22.3) was also included under the hypothesis that the horse was transitioning from acute to chronic infection. All horses originated from areas where humans with confirmed tick-borne encephalitis reported to have been bitten by ticks. Conclusions: Acute TBEV infection should be a differential diagnosis in horses with signs of neurologic disease and originating from TBEV endemic areas. The establishment of harmonized diagnostic criteria would help to overcome the diagnostic challenges associated with TBEV and other Flavivirus infections in horses.
© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
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Publication Date: 2022-09-12 PubMed ID: 36093849PubMed Central: PMC9708414DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16533Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the correlation between tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infections and neurological diseases in horses, based on observations in six cases in Switzerland between 2011 and 2019.

Study Overview

The study investigated six cases of horses with sudden onset neurological symptoms, from areas in Switzerland where TBEV is endemic. The symptoms included physical conditions such as ataxia (lack of muscle control) and proprioceptive deficits (control of limb positions). The aim was to understand if TBEV could be the cause of such symptoms.

Methods

  • The research took a retrospective stance, reviewing cases from previous years.
  • Each horse subjected to clinical and microbiological examinations to eliminate the presence of other infectious diseases that affect the central nervous system.
  • Tests included virus neutralisation test and TBEV-specific IgM (antibodies) test.

Results

  • All horses presented acute signs of neurological diseases and tested positive for TBEV.
  • Five out of six horses displayed the presence of TBEV-specific IgM antibodies.
  • One horse, despite registering an LU value (measurement to determine TBEV-specific IgM) below the threshold, was included as it was hypothesized to be transitioning from an acute to chronic infection.
  • All the horses came from areas where humans with confirmed tick-borne encephalitis reported being bitten by ticks.

Conclusion

Based on these findings, the study suggests considering acute TBEV infection as a possible diagnosis in horses displaying signs of neurological disease, and which originate from TBEV endemic areas. Furthermore, the study recommends establishing harmonized diagnostic criteria to tackle the diagnostic challenges related to flavivirus infections such as TBEV in horses. This would allow for more consistent and accurate diagnoses.

Cite This Article

APA
Magouras I, Schoster A, Fouché N, Gerber V, Groschup MH, Ziegler U, Fricker R, Griot C, Vögtlin A. (2022). Neurological disease suspected to be caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus infection in 6 horses in Switzerland. J Vet Intern Med, 36(6), 2254-2262. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16533

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 36
Issue: 6
Pages: 2254-2262

Researcher Affiliations

Magouras, Ioannis
  • Veterinary Public Health Institute, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
  • Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Schoster, Angelika
  • Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Fouché, Nathalie
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Gerber, Vinzenz
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Groschup, Martin H
  • Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
Ziegler, Ute
  • Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
Fricker, Raffael
  • Institute for Virology and Immunology IVI, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland.
Griot, Christian
  • Institute for Virology and Immunology IVI, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland.
Vögtlin, Andrea
  • Institute for Virology and Immunology IVI, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland.

MeSH Terms

  • Humans
  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
  • Switzerland / epidemiology
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Flavivirus Infections / veterinary
  • Immunoglobulin M
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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