Orthoflavivirus-associated neurological disease in a UK horse.

1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Food Safety Authority, 2025. Surveillance of West Nile virus infections in humans and animals in Europe, monthly report – data submitted up to 3 December 2025. EFSA J 2025;12. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9835
2. Holding M. Tickborne encephalitis virus United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26:90–6
3. Hyde J, Nettleton P, Marriott L, Willoughby K. Louping ill in horses. Vet Rec 2007;160:532
4. Ionescu A-M, Folly AJ, Johnson N, Cornelisse K. Suspected tickborne virus infection in a horse from Dartmoor. Vet Rec 2025;197:151–2
5. Mansfield KL, Horton DL, Johnson N, et al. Orthoflavivirus-induced antibody cross-reactivity. J Gen Virol 2011;92:2821–9
6. Witkowska-Pilaszewicz OD, Zmigrodzka M, Winnicka A, et al. Serum amyloid A in equine health and disease. Equine Vet J 2019;51:293–8
7. Weiss D. Clinical findings of West Nile virus infection in hospitalized patients, New York and New Jersey, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:654–8
8. Divers TJ. Lyme disease in horses. In: Mair TS, Hutchinson RE, eds. Infectious Diseases of the Horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2009; 286
9. American Association of Equine Practitioners. Borrelia burgdorferi infection and Lyme disease guidelines. AAEP, 2025. https://aaep.org/resource/aaep-infectious-disease-guidelines-borrelia-burgdorferi-infection-and-lyme-disease/(accessed 4 March 2026)
10. Arturo Leis A, Sinclair DJ. Lazarus effect of high dose corticosteroids in a patient with West Nile virus encephalitis. a coincidence or a clue? Front Med (Lausanne) 2019;6:81
11. Bourgeois M. West Nile virus encephalomyelitis. In: Mair TS, Hutchinson RE, eds. Infectious Diseases of the Horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2009; 83–94
12. GOV.UK. Invasive mosquito surveillance. 2025; www.gov.uk/guidance/invasive-mosquito-surveillance guidance (accessed 4 March 2026)
13. Bruce RC, Abbott A, Jones BP, et al. Detection of West Nile virus via retrospective mosquito arbovirus surveillance, United Kingdom, 2025. Euro Surveill 2025;30:2500401
14. de Heus P, Bagó Z, Weidinger P, et al. Severe neurologic disease in a horse caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus, Austria, 2021. Viruses 2023;15. doi: 10.3390/v15102022
15. Magouras I, Schoster A, Fouche N, et al. Neurological disease suspected to be caused by tick- borne encephalitis virus infection in 6 horses in Switzerland. J Vet Intern Med 2022;36:2254–62
16. Conze TM, Bagó Z, Revilla-Fernández S, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection in two horses. Viruses 2021;13:1775
17. Timoney PJ, Donnelly WJ, Clements LO, Fenlon M. Encephalitis caused by louping ill virus in a group of horses in Ireland. Equine Vet J 1976;8:113–17

Citations