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Equine veterinary journal2020; 53(4); 727-739; doi: 10.1111/evj.13350

Outbreak of acute larval cyathostominosis – A “perfect storm” of inflammation and dysbiosis.

Abstract: Cyathostomins are prevalent and pathogenic intestinal helminths of horses, causing acute and chronic disease, including acute larval cyathostominosis, which has a mortality rate of 50%. Factors determining individual susceptibility to acute larval cyathostominosis are unknown. Investigation of these factors could lead to novel treatment and prevention strategies. Objective: To investigate clinicopathological and faecal microbiota changes associated with disease in individual horses in an acute larval cyathostominosis outbreak. Methods: Case series. Methods: The study population was a herd of 23 mixed breed horses in Ireland. The outbreak occurred in November 2018. Fourteen horses were clinically affected. Clinical status was monitored and recorded. Blood and faecal sampling allowed clinicopathological, faecal 16s rRNA gene sequencing and faecal egg count analyses. Results: Two horses were euthanised, whilst 12 recovered. Common clinical signs included loose faecal consistency, weight loss and pyrexia. Consistent clinicopathological findings were borderline anaemia, leucocytosis, thrombocytosis, hyperfibrinogenaemia, hyperglobulinaemia and a reverse A: G ratio. Decreased alpha-diversity of the faecal microbiota and greater relative abundance of the genus Streptococcus, class Bacilli, order Lactobacillales and family Streptococcaceae, and family Prevotelleceae was found in clinically affected horses compared to their clinically normal cohorts. An increase in obligate fibrolytic bacteria was seen in the clinically normal group compared to the clinical group. Histopathological findings of the colon and caecum revealed a severe necrotising typhlocolitis associated with cyathostomin larvae and bacterial overgrowth in the mucosa of the large intestine. Conclusions: The study population in this outbreak is small. There are several confounding factors limiting this to a descriptive case series. Faecal microbiota has been shown to reflect the large intestinal microbiota but do not represent changes directly. Conclusions: These findings suggest that acute larval cyathostominosis is associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota as well as the inflammatory stimulus of numerous emerging larvae leading to structural and functional pathology of the large intestine.
© 2020 The Authors. Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2020-10-06 PubMed ID: 32920897PubMed Central: PMC8246859DOI: 10.1111/evj.13350Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the factors contributing to an outbreak of acute larval cyathostominosis, a parasitic disease in horses which has a 50% mortality rate. The study highlights significant changes in the gut microbiota and inflammation due to mass larval emergence as key factors.

Investigation Methodology

  • The study was commenced following an outbreak of acute larval cyathostominosis in a herd of 23 mixed breed horses in Ireland in November 2018.
  • Out of the entire population, 14 horses were clinically affected by the disease.
  • The team used a variety of methods to gather data, including monitoring and recording clinical status, blood and faecal sampling, and analyzing clinicopathological, faecal 16s rRNA gene sequencing, and faecal egg count analyses.

Results of the Investigation

  • Two of the affected horses had to be euthanized, but 12 recovered.
  • Common symptoms included loose faeces, weight loss, and fever.
  • Clinicopathological findings included borderline anaemia, leucocytosis, thrombocytosis, hyperfibrinogenaemia, hyperglobulinaemia and a reversed A:G ratio.
  • Compared to unaffected horses, those with the disease had a decreased alpha-diversity of faecal microbiota and higher relative abundance of certain bacteria such as the genus Streptococcus, class Bacilli, order Lactobacillales, family Streptococcaceae, and family Prevotelleceae.
  • Histopathological findings revealed that the affected horses had severe necrotising typhlocolitis, associated with cyathostomin larvae and bacterial overgrowth in the mucosa of their large intestine.

Conclusion and Limitations

  • The study population is small, with several confounding factors. As such, the research is constrained to being a descriptive case series.
  • While faecal microbiota mirrors the large intestinal microbiota, it does not represent direct changes.
  • The results suggest that acute larval cyathostominosis is linked to changes in the gut microbiota and inflammation caused by the emergence of numerous larvae, leading to structural and functional damage to the large intestine.

Cite This Article

APA
Walshe N, Mulcahy G, Crispie F, Cabrera-Rubio R, Cotter P, Jahns H, Duggan V. (2020). Outbreak of acute larval cyathostominosis – A “perfect storm” of inflammation and dysbiosis. Equine Vet J, 53(4), 727-739. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13350

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 53
Issue: 4
Pages: 727-739

Researcher Affiliations

Walshe, Nicola
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Mulcahy, Grace
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
  • Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Crispie, Fiona
  • Teagasc Food Research Centre, APC Microbiome, Moorepark, Ireland.
  • APC Microbiome Ireland, Moorepark, Ireland.
Cabrera-Rubio, Raul
  • Teagasc Food Research Centre, APC Microbiome, Moorepark, Ireland.
Cotter, Paul
  • Teagasc Food Research Centre, APC Microbiome, Moorepark, Ireland.
  • APC Microbiome Ireland, Moorepark, Ireland.
  • Vistamilk, Moorepark, Ireland.
Jahns, Hanne
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Duggan, Vivienne
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
  • Dysbiosis / veterinary
  • Feces
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horses
  • Inflammation / veterinary
  • Ireland
  • Larva
  • RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
  • Strongyloidea

Grant Funding

  • Wellcome Trust
  • SF 1604 / University College Dublin, Ireland, Horizon Scanning grant
  • 204844/Z/16/Z / UCD Wellcome Institutional Strategic Support Fund

Conflict of Interest Statement

No competing interests have been declared.

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