FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Hepatology / Pathogenesis, MicroRNA-122 Gene-Regulation, and Protective I...
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)2021; 74(3); 1148-1163; doi: 10.1002/hep.31802

Pathogenesis, MicroRNA-122 Gene-Regulation, and Protective Immune Responses After Acute Equine Hepacivirus Infection.

Abstract: Equine hepacivirus (EqHV) is phylogenetically the closest relative of HCV and shares genome organization, hepatotropism, transient or persistent infection outcome, and the ability to cause hepatitis. Thus, EqHV studies are important to understand equine liver disease and further as an outbred surrogate animal model for HCV pathogenesis and protective immune responses. Here, we aimed to characterize the course of EqHV infection and associated protective immune responses. Seven horses were experimentally inoculated with EqHV, monitored for 6 months, and rechallenged with the same and, subsequently, a heterologous EqHV. Clearance was the primary outcome (6 of 7) and was associated with subclinical hepatitis characterized by lymphocytic infiltrate and individual hepatocyte necrosis. Seroconversion was delayed and antibody titers waned slowly. Clearance of primary infection conferred nonsterilizing immunity, resulting in shortened duration of viremia after rechallenge. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses in horses were minimal, although EqHV-specific T cells were identified. Additionally, an interferon-stimulated gene signature was detected in the liver during EqHV infection, similar to acute HCV in humans. EqHV, as HCV, is stimulated by direct binding of the liver-specific microRNA (miR), miR-122. Interestingly, we found that EqHV infection sequesters enough miR-122 to functionally affect gene regulation in the liver. This RNA-based mechanism thus could have consequences for pathology. EqHV infection in horses typically has an acute resolving course, and the protective immune response lasts for at least a year and broadly attenuates subsequent infections. This could have important implications to achieve the primary goal of an HCV vaccine; to prevent chronicity while accepting acute resolving infection after virus exposure.
© 2021 The Authors. Hepatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-06-11 PubMed ID: 33713356PubMed Central: PMC8435542DOI: 10.1002/hep.31802Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research explores the progression of Equine hepacivirus (EqHV) infection and the associated immune responses in horses. The researchers discovered that the infection usually resolves acutely, and the immune response offers protection for at least a year against repeat infections.

Objective of the Study

  • The researchers aim was to understand the progression of EqHV infection and the corresponding protective immune responses in horses. This study becomes crucial as EqHV, being genetically the closest relative of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), could serve as a surrogate animal model to understand the pathogenesis and immune responses of HCV.

Method

  • Seven horses were experimentally infected with EqHV. Their health was monitored for a period of 6 months.
  • Each horse was re-exposed to the same strain of EqHV and then a different strain of the virus.

Results: Progression of EqHV Infection

  • The primary outcome of the infection was clearance; six out of seven horses cleared the infection.
  • The infection was associated with mild hepatitis evidenced by lymphocytic infiltrate and individual hepatocyte necrosis.
  • Antibody production was delayed and the pace at which the antibodies reduced was slow.

Results: Immune Responses to EqHV Infection

  • Clearance of the primary infection conferred immunity which had a non-sterilizing effect, leading to a decreased duration of viremia upon subsequent exposure.
  • However, immune responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were minimal, although EqHV-specific T cells were identified.
  • The researchers also found an interferon-stimulated gene signature in the liver during EqHV infection, which is similar to acute HCV in humans.

EqHV Interaction with microRNA

  • Like HCV, EqHV binds directly with the liver-specific microRNA (miR), miR-122. miR-122 helps in regulating gene expression within the liver cells.
  • During the EqHV infection, enough miR-122 is sequestered, enough to affect the gene regulation in the liver. This RNA-based mechanism might have an impact on the pathology of the disease.

Implication

  • The study indicates that horses typically experience an acute resolving course of EqHV infection and the protective immune response lasts for at least a year, giving a strong defense against subsequent infections.
  • This has important implications for the development of an HCV vaccine, aiming to prevent chronicity while accepting acute resolving infection after virus exposure.

Cite This Article

APA
Tomlinson JE, Wolfisberg R, Fahnøe U, Patel RS, Trivedi S, Kumar A, Sharma H, Nielsen L, McDonough SP, Bukh J, Tennant BC, Kapoor A, Rosenberg BR, Rice CM, Divers TJ, Van de Walle GR, Scheel TKH. (2021). Pathogenesis, MicroRNA-122 Gene-Regulation, and Protective Immune Responses After Acute Equine Hepacivirus Infection. Hepatology, 74(3), 1148-1163. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31802

Publication

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
ISSN: 1527-3350
NlmUniqueID: 8302946
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 74
Issue: 3
Pages: 1148-1163

Researcher Affiliations

Tomlinson, Joy E
  • Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY.
Wolfisberg, Raphael
  • Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Fahnøe, Ulrik
  • Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Patel, Roosheel S
  • Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
Trivedi, Sheetal
  • Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
Kumar, Arvind
  • Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
Sharma, Himanshu
  • Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
Nielsen, Louise
  • Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
McDonough, Sean P
  • Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY.
Bukh, Jens
  • Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Tennant, Bud C
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY.
Kapoor, Amit
  • Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
Rosenberg, Brad R
  • Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
Rice, Charles M
  • Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.
Divers, Thomas J
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY.
Van de Walle, Gerlinde R
  • Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY.
Scheel, Troels K H
  • Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Disease Progression
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • Hepacivirus / immunology
  • Hepacivirus / metabolism
  • Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / genetics
  • Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / immunology
  • Horses
  • Liver / immunology
  • Liver / metabolism
  • MicroRNAs / genetics
  • MicroRNAs / immunology
  • MicroRNAs / metabolism
  • T-Lymphocytes / immunology
  • Transcriptome

Grant Funding

  • K08 AI141767 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • R01 AI137567 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • R01 AI151175 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • S10 OD026880 / NIH HHS

References

This article includes 41 references
  1. Blum HE. History and Global Burden of Viral Hepatitis.. Dig Dis 2016;34(4):293-302.
    pubmed: 27170381doi: 10.1159/000444466google scholar: lookup
  2. Bukh J. Animal models for the study of hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease.. Gastroenterology 2012 May;142(6):1279-1287.e3.
    pubmed: 22537434doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.016google scholar: lookup
  3. Hartlage AS, Cullen JM, Kapoor A. The Strange, Expanding World of Animal Hepaciviruses.. Annu Rev Virol 2016 Sep 29;3(1):53-75.
    pmc: PMC5523456pubmed: 27741408doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055104google scholar: lookup
  4. Hartlage AS, Murthy S, Kumar A, Trivedi S, Dravid P, Sharma H, Walker CM, Kapoor A. Vaccination to prevent T cell subversion can protect against persistent hepacivirus infection.. Nat Commun 2019 Mar 7;10(1):1113.
    pmc: PMC6405742pubmed: 30846697doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09105-0google scholar: lookup
  5. Kapoor A, Simmonds P, Gerold G, Qaisar N, Jain K, Henriquez JA, Firth C, Hirschberg DL, Rice CM, Shields S, Lipkin WI. Characterization of a canine homolog of hepatitis C virus.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 Jul 12;108(28):11608-13.
    pmc: PMC3136326pubmed: 21610165doi: 10.1073/pnas.1101794108google scholar: lookup
  6. Scheel TK, Kapoor A, Nishiuchi E, Brock KV, Yu Y, Andrus L, Gu M, Renshaw RW, Dubovi EJ, McDonough SP, Van de Walle GR, Lipkin WI, Divers TJ, Tennant BC, Rice CM. Characterization of nonprimate hepacivirus and construction of a functional molecular clone.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 Feb 17;112(7):2192-7.
    pmc: PMC4343093pubmed: 25646476doi: 10.1073/pnas.1500265112google scholar: lookup
  7. Ramsay JD, Evanoff R, Wilkinson TE Jr, Divers TJ, Knowles DP, Mealey RH. Experimental transmission of equine hepacivirus in horses as a model for hepatitis C virus.. Hepatology 2015 May;61(5):1533-46.
    pubmed: 25580897doi: 10.1002/hep.27689google scholar: lookup
  8. Pfaender S, Cavalleri JM, Walter S, Doerrbecker J, Campana B, Brown RJ, Burbelo PD, Postel A, Hahn K, Anggakusuma, Riebesehl N, Baumgärtner W, Becher P, Heim MH, Pietschmann T, Feige K, Steinmann E. Clinical course of infection and viral tissue tropism of hepatitis C virus-like nonprimate hepaciviruses in horses.. Hepatology 2015 Feb;61(2):447-59.
    pubmed: 25212983doi: 10.1002/hep.27440google scholar: lookup
  9. Pfaender S, Walter S, Grabski E, Todt D, Bruening J, Romero-Brey I, Gather T, Brown RJ, Hahn K, Puff C, Pfankuche VM, Hansmann F, Postel A, Becher P, Thiel V, Kalinke U, Wagner B, Bartenschlager R, Baumgärtner W, Feige K, Pietschmann T, Cavalleri JM, Steinmann E. Immune protection against reinfection with nonprimate hepacivirus.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017 Mar 21;114(12):E2430-E2439.
    pmc: PMC5373355pubmed: 28275093doi: 10.1073/pnas.1619380114google scholar: lookup
  10. Gather T, Walter S, Pfaender S, Todt D, Feige K, Steinmann E, Cavalleri JM. Acute and chronic infections with nonprimate hepacivirus in young horses.. Vet Res 2016 Sep 22;47(1):97.
    pmc: PMC5034468pubmed: 27659317doi: 10.1186/s13567-016-0381-6google scholar: lookup
  11. Tegtmeyer B, Echelmeyer J, Pfankuche VM, Puff C, Todt D, Fischer N, Durham A, Feige K, Baumgärtner W, Steinmann E, Cavalleri JV. Chronic equine hepacivirus infection in an adult gelding with severe hepatopathy.. Vet Med Sci 2019 Aug;5(3):372-378.
    pmc: PMC6682795pubmed: 31267690doi: 10.1002/vms3.181google scholar: lookup
  12. Sarnow P, Sagan SM. Unraveling the Mysterious Interactions Between Hepatitis C Virus RNA and Liver-Specific MicroRNA-122.. Annu Rev Virol 2016 Sep 29;3(1):309-332.
    pubmed: 27578438doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042409google scholar: lookup
  13. Yu Y, Scheel TKH, Luna JM, Chung H, Nishiuchi E, Scull MA, Echeverría N, Ricardo-Lax I, Kapoor A, Lipkin WI, Divers TJ, Antczak DF, Tennant BC, Rice CM. miRNA independent hepacivirus variants suggest a strong evolutionary pressure to maintain miR-122 dependence.. PLoS Pathog 2017 Oct;13(10):e1006694.
    pmc: PMC5679655pubmed: 29084265doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006694google scholar: lookup
  14. Tanaka T, Kasai H, Yamashita A, Okuyama-Dobashi K, Yasumoto J, Maekawa S, Enomoto N, Okamoto T, Matsuura Y, Morimatsu M, Manabe N, Ochiai K, Yamashita K, Moriishi K. Hallmarks of hepatitis C virus in equine hepacivirus.. J Virol 2014 Nov;88(22):13352-66.
    pmc: PMC4249100pubmed: 25210167doi: 10.1128/JVI.02280-14google scholar: lookup
  15. Hoofnagle JH. Course and outcome of hepatitis C.. Hepatology 2002 Nov;36(5 Suppl 1):S21-9.
    pubmed: 12407573doi: 10.1053/jhep.2002.36227google scholar: lookup
  16. Rosenberg BR, Depla M, Freije CA, Gaucher D, Mazouz S, Boisvert M, Bédard N, Bruneau J, Rice CM, Shoukry NH. Longitudinal transcriptomic characterization of the immune response to acute hepatitis C virus infection in patients with spontaneous viral clearance.. PLoS Pathog 2018 Sep;14(9):e1007290.
    pmc: PMC6160227pubmed: 30222771doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007290google scholar: lookup
  17. Yu C, Boon D, McDonald SL, Myers TG, Tomioka K, Nguyen H, Engle RE, Govindarajan S, Emerson SU, Purcell RH. Pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus and hepatitis C virus in chimpanzees: similarities and differences.. J Virol 2010 Nov;84(21):11264-78.
    pmc: PMC2953165pubmed: 20739520doi: 10.1128/JVI.01205-10google scholar: lookup
  18. Dill MT, Makowska Z, Duong FHT, Merkofer F, Filipowicz M, Baumert TF, Tornillo L, Terracciano L, Heim MH. Interferon-γ-stimulated genes, but not USP18, are expressed in livers of patients with acute hepatitis C.. Gastroenterology 2012 Sep;143(3):777-786.e6.
    pubmed: 22677194doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.044google scholar: lookup
  19. Peng X, Li Y, Walters KA, Rosenzweig ER, Lederer SL, Aicher LD, Proll S, Katze MG. Computational identification of hepatitis C virus associated microRNA-mRNA regulatory modules in human livers.. BMC Genomics 2009 Aug 11;10:373.
    pmc: PMC2907698pubmed: 19671175doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-373google scholar: lookup
  20. Tomlinson JE, Wolfisberg R, Fahnøe U, Sharma H, Renshaw RW, Nielsen L, Nishiuchi E, Holm C, Dubovi E, Rosenberg BR, Tennant BC, Bukh J, Kapoor A, Divers TJ, Rice CM, Van de Walle GR, Scheel TKH. Equine pegiviruses cause persistent infection of bone marrow and are not associated with hepatitis.. PLoS Pathog 2020 Jul;16(7):e1008677.
    pmc: PMC7375656pubmed: 32649726doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008677google scholar: lookup
  21. Patel RS, Tomlinson JE, Divers TJ, Van de Walle GR, Rosenberg BR. Single-cell resolution landscape of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals diverse cell types including T-bet(+) B cells.. BMC Biol 2021 Jan 22;19(1):13.
    pmc: PMC7820527pubmed: 33482825doi: 10.1186/s12915-020-00947-5google scholar: lookup
  22. Wedemeyer H, Mizukoshi E, Davis AR, Bennink JR, Rehermann B. Cross-reactivity between hepatitis C virus and Influenza A virus determinant-specific cytotoxic T cells.. J Virol 2001 Dec;75(23):11392-400.
    pmc: PMC114725pubmed: 11689620doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.23.11392-11400.2001google scholar: lookup
  23. Schueller F, Roy S, Vucur M, Trautwein C, L T, Roderburg C. The Role of miRNAs in the Pathophysiology of Liver Diseases and Toxicity.. Int J Mol Sci 2018 Jan 16;19(1).
    pmc: PMC5796207pubmed: 29337905doi: 10.3390/ijms19010261google scholar: lookup
  24. Pfaender S, Walter S, Todt D, Behrendt P, Doerrbecker J, Wölk B, Engelmann M, Gravemann U, Seltsam A, Steinmann J, Burbelo PD, Klawonn F, Feige K, Pietschmann T, Cavalleri JV, Steinmann E. Assessment of cross-species transmission of hepatitis C virus-related non-primate hepacivirus in a population of humans at high risk of exposure.. J Gen Virol 2015 Sep;96(9):2636-2642.
    pmc: PMC4857452pubmed: 26041875doi: 10.1099/vir.0.000208google scholar: lookup
  25. von Hahn T, Yoon JC, Alter H, Rice CM, Rehermann B, Balfe P, McKeating JA. Hepatitis C virus continuously escapes from neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses during chronic infection in vivo.. Gastroenterology 2007 Feb;132(2):667-78.
    pubmed: 17258731doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.12.008google scholar: lookup
  26. Prentoe J, Bukh J. Hypervariable Region 1 in Envelope Protein 2 of Hepatitis C Virus: A Linchpin in Neutralizing Antibody Evasion and Viral Entry.. Front Immunol 2018;9:2146.
    pmc: PMC6170631pubmed: 30319614doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02146google scholar: lookup
  27. Dhingra S, Ward SC, Thung SN. Liver pathology of hepatitis C, beyond grading and staging of the disease.. World J Gastroenterol 2016 Jan 28;22(4):1357-66.
    pmc: PMC4721971pubmed: 26819505doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1357google scholar: lookup
  28. Dittmann M, Hoffmann HH, Scull MA, Gilmore RH, Bell KL, Ciancanelli M, Wilson SJ, Crotta S, Yu Y, Flatley B, Xiao JW, Casanova JL, Wack A, Bieniasz PD, Rice CM. A serpin shapes the extracellular environment to prevent influenza A virus maturation.. Cell 2015 Feb 12;160(4):631-643.
    pmc: PMC4328142pubmed: 25679759doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.040google scholar: lookup
  29. Trivedi S, Murthy S, Sharma H, Hartlage AS, Kumar A, Gadi SV, Simmonds P, Chauhan LV, Scheel TKH, Billerbeck E, Burbelo PD, Rice CM, Lipkin WI, Vandegrift K, Cullen JM, Kapoor A. Viral persistence, liver disease, and host response in a hepatitis C-like virus rat model.. Hepatology 2018 Aug;68(2):435-448.
    pmc: PMC5832584pubmed: 28859226doi: 10.1002/hep.29494google scholar: lookup
  30. Luna JM, Scheel TK, Danino T, Shaw KS, Mele A, Fak JJ, Nishiuchi E, Takacs CN, Catanese MT, de Jong YP, Jacobson IM, Rice CM, Darnell RB. Hepatitis C virus RNA functionally sequesters miR-122.. Cell 2015 Mar 12;160(6):1099-110.
    pmc: PMC4386883pubmed: 25768906doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.025google scholar: lookup
  31. Hsu SH, Wang B, Kota J, Yu J, Costinean S, Kutay H, Yu L, Bai S, La Perle K, Chivukula RR, Mao H, Wei M, Clark KR, Mendell JR, Caligiuri MA, Jacob ST, Mendell JT, Ghoshal K. Essential metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumorigenic functions of miR-122 in liver.. J Clin Invest 2012 Aug;122(8):2871-83.
    pmc: PMC3408748pubmed: 22820288doi: 10.1172/JCI63539google scholar: lookup
  32. Divers TJ, Tennant BC, Kumar A, McDonough S, Cullen J, Bhuva N, Jain K, Chauhan LS, Scheel TKH, Lipkin WI, Laverack M, Trivedi S, Srinivasa S, Beard L, Rice CM, Burbelo PD, Renshaw RW, Dubovi E, Kapoor A. New Parvovirus Associated with Serum Hepatitis in Horses after Inoculation of Common Biological Product.. Emerg Infect Dis 2018 Feb;24(2):303-310.
    pmc: PMC5782890pubmed: 29350162doi: 10.3201/eid2402.171031google scholar: lookup
  33. Walker CM. Designing an HCV vaccine: a unique convergence of prevention and therapy?. Curr Opin Virol 2017 Apr;23:113-119.
    pmc: PMC5763905pubmed: 28550816doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.014google scholar: lookup
  34. Bukh J, Thimme R, Meunier JC, Faulk K, Spangenberg HC, Chang KM, Satterfield W, Chisari FV, Purcell RH. Previously infected chimpanzees are not consistently protected against reinfection or persistent infection after reexposure to the identical hepatitis C virus strain.. J Virol 2008 Aug;82(16):8183-95.
    pmc: PMC2519567pubmed: 18550671doi: 10.1128/JVI.00142-08google scholar: lookup
  35. Bukh J, Engle RE, Govindarajan S, Purcell RH. Immunity against the GBV-B hepatitis virus in tamarins can prevent productive infection following rechallenge and is long-lived.. J Med Virol 2008 Jan;80(1):87-94.
    pubmed: 18041000doi: 10.1002/jmv.21013google scholar: lookup
  36. Al Dhahry SH, Daar S, Nograles JC, Rajapakse SM, Al Toqi FS, Kaminski GZ. Fluctuating antibody response in a cohort of hepatitis C patients.. J Sci Res Med Sci 2002 Apr;4(1-2):33-8.
    pmc: PMC3174718pubmed: 24019724
  37. Burbelo PD, Dubovi EJ, Simmonds P, Medina JL, Henriquez JA, Mishra N, Wagner J, Tokarz R, Cullen JM, Iadarola MJ, Rice CM, Lipkin WI, Kapoor A. Serology-enabled discovery of genetically diverse hepaciviruses in a new host.. J Virol 2012 Jun;86(11):6171-8.
    pmc: PMC3372197pubmed: 22491452doi: 10.1128/JVI.00250-12google scholar: lookup
  38. Bailey AL, Buechler CR, Matson DR, Peterson EJ, Brunner KG, Mohns MS, Breitbach M, Stewart LM, Ericsen AJ, Newman CM, Koenig MR, Mohr E, Tan J, Capuano S 3rd, Simmons HA, Yang DT, O'Connor DH. Pegivirus avoids immune recognition but does not attenuate acute-phase disease in a macaque model of HIV infection.. PLoS Pathog 2017 Oct;13(10):e1006692.
    pmc: PMC5675458pubmed: 29073258doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006692google scholar: lookup
  39. Stapleton JT, Foung S, Muerhoff AS, Bukh J, Simmonds P. The GB viruses: a review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae.. J Gen Virol 2011 Feb;92(Pt 2):233-46.
    pmc: PMC3081076pubmed: 21084497doi: 10.1099/vir.0.027490-0google scholar: lookup
  40. Schwarze-Zander C, Blackard JT, Zheng H, Addo MM, Lin W, Robbins GK, Sherman KE, Zdunek D, Hess G, Chung RT. GB virus C (GBV-C) infection in hepatitis C virus (HCV)/HIV-coinfected patients receiving HCV treatment: importance of the GBV-C genotype.. J Infect Dis 2006 Aug 15;194(4):410-9.
    pubmed: 16845623doi: 10.1086/505713google scholar: lookup
  41. Melendez-Morales L, Konkle BA, Preiss L, Zhang M, Mathew P, Eyster ME, Goedert JJ. Chronic hepatitis B and other correlates of spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus among HIV-infected people with hemophilia.. AIDS 2007 Jul 31;21(12):1631-6.
    pubmed: 17630559doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32826fb6d9google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 9 times.
  1. Wolfisberg R, Holmbeck K, Billerbeck E, Thorselius CE, Batista MN, Fahnøe U, Lundsgaard EA, Kennedy MJ, Nielsen L, Rice CM, Bukh J, Scheel TKH. Molecular Determinants of Mouse Adaptation of Rat Hepacivirus.. J Virol 2023 Apr 27;97(4):e0181222.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.01812-22pubmed: 36971565google scholar: lookup
  2. Cavalleri JV, Korbacska-Kutasi O, Leblond A, Paillot R, Pusterla N, Steinmann E, Tomlinson J. European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe.. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Nov;36(6):1858-1871.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16581pubmed: 36367340google scholar: lookup
  3. Pacchiarotti G, Nardini R, Scicluna MT. Equine Hepacivirus: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of Serological and Biomolecular Prevalence and a Phylogenetic Update.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 20;12(19).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12192486pubmed: 36230228google scholar: lookup
  4. Li HC, Yang CH, Lo SY. Roles of microRNAs in Hepatitis C Virus Replication and Pathogenesis.. Viruses 2022 Aug 15;14(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v14081776pubmed: 36016398google scholar: lookup
  5. Gömer A, Delarocque J, Puff C, Nocke MK, Reinecke B, Baumgärtner W, Cavalleri JMV, Feige K, Steinmann E, Todt D. Dose-Dependent Hepacivirus Infection Reveals Linkage between Infectious Dose and Immune Response.. Microbiol Spectr 2022 Oct 26;10(5):e0168622.
    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01686-22pubmed: 35993785google scholar: lookup
  6. Breitfeld J, Fischer N, Tsachev I, Marutsov P, Baymakova M, Plhal R, Keuling O, Becher P, Baechlein C. Expanded Diversity and Host Range of Bovine Hepacivirus-Genomic and Serological Evidence in Domestic and Wild Ruminant Species.. Viruses 2022 Jun 30;14(7).
    doi: 10.3390/v14071457pubmed: 35891438google scholar: lookup
  7. Badenhorst M, Saalmüller A, Daly JM, Ertl R, Stadler M, Puff C, de le Roi M, Baumgärtner W, Engelmann M, Brandner S, Junge HK, Pratscher B, Volz A, Saunier B, Krey T, Wittmann J, Heelemann S, Delarocque J, Wagner B, Todt D, Steinmann E, Cavalleri JV. An Equine Model for Vaccination against a Hepacivirus: Insights into Host Responses to E2 Recombinant Protein Vaccination and Subsequent Equine Hepacivirus Inoculation.. Viruses 2022 Jun 27;14(7).
    doi: 10.3390/v14071401pubmed: 35891381google scholar: lookup
  8. Gömer A, Brown RJP, Pfaender S, Deterding K, Reuter G, Orton R, Seitz S, Bock CT, Cavalleri JMV, Pietschmann T, Wedemeyer H, Steinmann E, Todt D. Intra-host analysis of hepaciviral glycoprotein evolution reveals signatures associated with viral persistence and clearance.. Virus Evol 2022;8(1):veac007.
    doi: 10.1093/ve/veac007pubmed: 35242360google scholar: lookup
  9. Shoukry NH. Towards a Systems Immunology Approach to Understanding Correlates of Protective Immunity against HCV.. Viruses 2021 Sep 18;13(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v13091871pubmed: 34578451google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.