Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in the horse.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in horses. Eight adult horses received 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine IV. Blood samples were collected before and for 10 h after drug administration to determine dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Data from one outlier were excluded from the statistical summary. Behavioral and physiological responses were recorded before and for 6 h after dexmedetomidine administration. Dexmedetomidine concentrations decreased rapidly (elimination half-life of 8.03 ± 0.84 min). Time of last detection varied from 30 to 60 min. Bradycardia was noted at 4 and 10 min after drug administration (26 ± 8 and 29 ± 8 beats/min respectively). Head height decreased by 70% at 4 and 10 min and gradually returned to baseline. Ability to ambulate was decreased for 60 min following drug administration, and mechanical nociceptive threshold was increased during 30 min. Blood glucose peaked at 30 min (134 ± 24 mg/dL) and borborygmi were decreased for the first hour after dexmedetomidine administration. Dexmedetomidine was quickly eliminated as indicated by the rapid decrease in plasma concentrations. Physiological, behavioral, and analgesic effects observed after dexmedetomidine administration were of short duration.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Publication Date: 2014-07-28 PubMed ID: 25066475DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12138Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Clinical Trial
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research focuses on understanding the behavior and impact of the drug dexmedetomidine when used intravenously in horses. The results reflect that the drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and equally rapidly eliminated, displaying short-term physiological effects such as decreased heart rate and changes in blood glucose levels.
Research Methodology
- The study was conducted on eight adult horses that were intravenously administered with 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine.
- Blood samples were obtained from the horses before and after the administration of the drug for a period of 10 hours to assess the dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations.
- The research data from an outlier, a result that deviates noticeably from the others, was not included in the statistical analysis.
- Behavioural and physiological responses of the horses were recorded for six hours after the drug was administered.
Findings
- After being administered, dexmedetomidine concentrations swiftly decreased with an elimination half-life of around 8.03 minutes. The period of last detection varied between 30 to 60 minutes.
- Bradycardia, a condition where the heart rate slows down significantly, was observed 4 and 10 minutes after the drug administration with heart rates recording 26 and 29 beats per minute respectively.
- The head height of the horses decreased by 70% at 4 and 10 minutes post drug administration and then gradually returned to the baseline levels.
- The ability of the horses to move around was found to decrease for up to 60 minutes after administering the drug, and the mechanical nociceptive threshold, which measures the animal’s response to pain, increased for the first 30 minutes.
- A peak in blood glucose levels was noted 30 minutes after the drug administration, recording 134 ± 24 mg/dL.
- Additionally, a decrease in borborygmi, which refers to sounds produced in the digestive system due to the movement of gas, was observed for the first hour following the drug administration.
Conclusion
- The drug dexmedetomidine, when intravenously used in horses, was found to be rapidly absorbed and eliminated from the bloodstream.
- The physiological responses to the drug, such as decreased heart rate, lowered head height, impaired ability to move, and changes in reactions to pain, were observed but these effects were of short duration.
- Alongside, an increase in blood glucose levels and a decrease in digestive system sounds were also noted for short time spans.
Cite This Article
APA
Rezende ML, Grimsrud KN, Stanley SD, Steffey EP, Mama KR.
(2014).
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in the horse.
J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 38(1), 15-23.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12138 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / administration & dosage
- Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / pharmacokinetics
- Animals
- Area Under Curve
- Dexmedetomidine / administration & dosage
- Dexmedetomidine / pharmacokinetics
- Female
- Horses / blood
- Injections, Intravenous
- Male
Citations
This article has been cited 10 times.- Verhaar N, Hoppe S, Grages AM, Hansen K, Neudeck S, Kästner S, Mazzuoli-Weber G. Dexmedetomidine Has Differential Effects on the Contractility of Equine Jejunal Smooth Muscle Layers In Vitro.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Mar 10;13(6).
- Buranapim N, Kulnanan P, Chingpathomkul K, Angkawanish T, Chansitthiwet S, Langkaphin W, Sombutputorn P, Monchaivanakit N, Kasemjai K, Namwongprom K, Boonprasert K, Bansiddhi P, Thitaram N, Sharp P, Pacharinsak C, Thitaram C. Dexmedetomidine Effectively Sedates Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus).. Animals (Basel) 2022 Oct 15;12(20).
- Ekstrand C, Michanek P, Gehring R, Sundell A, Källse A, Hedeland M, Ström L. Plasma atropine concentrations associated with decreased intestinal motility in horses.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:951300.
- Abass M, Ibrahim H, Salci H, Hamed MA. Evaluation of the effect of different sedative doses of dexmedetomidine on the intestinal motility in clinically healthy donkeys (Equus asinus).. BMC Vet Res 2022 Jul 14;18(1):274.
- Rabbogliatti V, Amari M, Brioschi FA, Di Cesare F, Zani DD, De Zani D, Di Giancamillo M, Cagnardi P, Ravasio G. Use of dexmedetomidine repeated subcutaneous administration for balanced anaesthesia in horses.. BMC Vet Res 2022 Jul 11;18(1):269.
- König KS, Verhaar N, Hopster K, Pfarrer C, Neudeck S, Rohn K, Kästner SBR. Ischaemic preconditioning and pharmacological preconditioning with dexmedetomidine in an equine model of small intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion.. PLoS One 2020;15(4):e0224720.
- Romagnoli N, Lambertini C, Zambelli D, Cunto M, Ballotta G, Barbarossa A. Plasma Concentration Rise after the Intramuscular Administration of High Dose Medetomidine (0.13 mg/kg) for Semen Collection in Cats.. Vet Sci 2020 Feb 3;7(1).
- Tapio H, Raekallio MR, Mykkänen A, Männikkö S, Scheinin M, Bennett RC, Vainio O. Effects of vatinoxan on cardiorespiratory function and gastrointestinal motility during constant-rate medetomidine infusion in standing horses.. Equine Vet J 2019 Sep;51(5):646-652.
- Marly-Voquer C, Schwarzwald CC, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. The use of dexmedetomidine continuous rate infusion for horses undergoing transvenous electrical cardioversion--A case series.. Can Vet J 2016 Jan;57(1):70-5.
- Grimsrud KN, Ait-Oudhia S, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Mama KR, Rezende ML, Stanley SD, Jusko WJ. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis comparing diverse effects of detomidine, medetomidine, and dexmedetomidine in the horse: a population analysis.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015 Feb;38(1):24-34.
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