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Viruses2018; 10(1); 31; doi: 10.3390/v10010031

Phylogenetic Analysis and Characterization of a Sporadic Isolate of Equine Influenza A H3N8 from an Unvaccinated Horse in 2015.

Abstract: Equine influenza, caused by the H3N8 subtype, is a highly contagious respiratory disease affecting equid populations worldwide and has led to serious epidemics and transboundary pandemics. This study describes the phylogenetic characterization and replication kinetics of recently-isolated H3N8 virus from a nasal swab obtained from a sporadic case of natural infection in an unvaccinated horse from Montana, USA. The nasal swab tested positive for equine influenza by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Further, the whole genome sequencing of the virus confirmed that it was the H3N8 subtype and was designated as A/equine/Montana/9564-1/2015 (H3N8). A BLASTn search revealed that the polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1), polymerase acidic (PA), hemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein (NP), and matrix (M) segments of this H3N8 isolate shared the highest percentage identity to A/equine/Tennessee/29A/2014 (H3N8) and the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2), neuraminidase (NA), and non-structural protein (NS) segments to A/equine/Malaysia/M201/2015 (H3N8). Phylogenetic characterization of individual gene segments, using currently available H3N8 viral genomes, of both equine and canine origin, further established that A/equine/Montana/9564-1/2015 belonged to the Florida Clade 1 viruses. Interestingly, replication kinetics of this H3N8 virus, using airway derived primary cells from multiple species, such as equine, swine, bovine, and human lung epithelial cells, demonstrated appreciable titers, when compared to Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. These findings indicate the broad host spectrum of this virus isolate and suggest the potential for cross-species transmissibility.
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Publication Date: 2018-01-11 PubMed ID: 29324680PubMed Central: PMC5795444DOI: 10.3390/v10010031Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
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  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research presents a study on a case of equine influenza caused by the H3N8 virus, found in an unvaccinated horse in Montana. The researchers analyze the specific characteristics and behavior of this virus, highlighting its potential for cross-species transmission.

Research Context and Methodology

  • The researchers are studying a case of equine influenza, a serious respiratory disease affecting horses and other equids, caused by the H3N8 subtype.
  • The case is unique because it was a sporadic infection in an unvaccinated horse in Montana, USA.
  • To analyze the virus, the researchers used various methods, including Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to confirm the presence of the virus, and whole genome sequencing to identify its subtype.

Results and Findings

  • The virus obtained from the horse was confirmed to be of the H3N8 subtype, specifically named A/equine/Montana/9564-1/2015 (H3N8).
  • A BLASTn search showed that this virus shared a high percentage of identity with other H3N8 virus segments, specifically A/equine/Tennessee/29A/2014 and A/equine/Malaysia/M201/2015.
  • Phylogenetic characterization determined that this virus belonged to the Florida Clade 1 group of H3N8 viruses.
  • Replication kinetics were tests in cells from different species (equine, swine, bovine, and human) showed appreciable titers, indicating a broad host spectrum and potential cross-species transmissibility.

Conclusion and Implications

  • The study provides crucial insights into the nature of equine influenza, specifically the H3N8 subtype.
  • The ability of the virus for cross-species transmission underlines the potential risk that this virus could jump from equines to other species (including humans).
  • The findings advocate for broader understanding of these viruses to develop effective treatment and mitigation strategies, especially in areas where horses are not routinely vaccinated against H3N8.

Cite This Article

APA
Sreenivasan CC, Jandhyala SS, Luo S, Hause BM, Thomas M, Knudsen DEB, Leslie-Steen P, Clement T, Reedy SE, Chambers TM, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson E, Wang D, Kaushik RS, Li F. (2018). Phylogenetic Analysis and Characterization of a Sporadic Isolate of Equine Influenza A H3N8 from an Unvaccinated Horse in 2015. Viruses, 10(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10010031

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
PII: 31

Researcher Affiliations

Sreenivasan, Chithra C
  • Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. chithra.sreenivasan@sdstate.edu.
Jandhyala, Sunayana S
  • Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. sunayana.shyamjandhyala@sdstate.edu.
Luo, Sisi
  • Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. sisi.luo@jacks.sdstate.edu.
Hause, Ben M
  • Cambridge Technologies, Oxford Street Worthington, MN 56187, USA. bhause@cambridgetechnologies.com.
Thomas, Milton
  • Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. milton.thomas@sdstate.edu.
Knudsen, David E B
  • Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. david.knudsen@sdstate.edu.
Leslie-Steen, Pamela
  • Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
Clement, Travis
  • Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. travis.clement@sdstate.edu.
Reedy, Stephanie E
  • Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA. sereed0@uky.edu.
Chambers, Thomas M
  • Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA. tmcham1@uky.edu.
Christopher-Hennings, Jane
  • Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. jane.hennings@sdstate.edu.
Nelson, Eric
  • Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. eric.nelson@sdstate.edu.
Wang, Dan
  • Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. dan.wang@sdstate.edu.
  • BioSNTR, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. dan.wang@sdstate.edu.
Kaushik, Radhey S
  • Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. radhey.kaushik@sdstate.edu.
  • Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. radhey.kaushik@sdstate.edu.
Li, Feng
  • Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. feng.li@sdstate.edu.
  • Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. feng.li@sdstate.edu.
  • BioSNTR, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. feng.li@sdstate.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • A549 Cells
  • Animals
  • Cattle
  • Dogs
  • Genes, Viral
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses / virology
  • Humans
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / classification
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / isolation & purification
  • Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
  • Neuraminidase / genetics
  • Nose / virology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Phylogeny
  • RNA, Viral / genetics
  • Swine
  • Vaccination / veterinary
  • Whole Genome Sequencing

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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