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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2025; 15(9); doi: 10.3390/ani15091350

Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Mongolian Horses to a 20 km Endurance Exercise and Screening for New Oxidative-Imbalance Biomarkers.

Abstract: The traditional horse industry has undergone a remarkable evolution, with horse racing emerging as a prominent and pivotal economic driver within the sector. Among the various breeds, Mongolian horses, renowned for their exceptional endurance and speed, occupy a significant position in the horse industry. To investigate their homeostasis mechanisms during and after a 20 km endurance exercise and identify novel oxidative-imbalance markers, we selected 12 two-year-old horses and collected blood samples at various time points before, during (at 5, 10, 15, and 20 km), and after the exercise (at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h post-exercise). These samples were analyzed for haematology, blood biochemistry, antioxidant enzyme activities, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics. Our results revealed significant changes in heart rate, speed, blood cells, and biochemical markers throughout the exercise. Antioxidant indicators decreased, while malondialdehyde increased, indicating oxidative imbalance post-exercise. Metabolomics analysis identified 122 differential metabolites, including uric acid and L-tyrosine, which were enriched in pathways related to energy metabolism. Uric acid and tyrosine correlated positively with serum creatine kinase, suggesting their potential as markers of oxidative-imbalance injury. These findings elucidate the mechanisms of endurance adaptability in Mongolian horses and provide a theoretical basis for mitigating oxidative imbalance, enhancing horse performance, and promoting the sustainable development of the equine industry.
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Publication Date: 2025-05-07 PubMed ID: 40362165PubMed Central: PMC12071025DOI: 10.3390/ani15091350Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article explores how Mongolian horses respond physically and metabolically to a 20 km endurance exercise, and aims to identify new markers of oxidative stress. The study can help enhance horse performance and promote the sustainable growth of the horse industry.

Objective and Methodology

  • This research was conducted to understand how Mongolian horses adjust their bodies during and after a 20 km endurance exercise and to discover new indicators of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of the body to counteract their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants.
  • The researchers chose 12 two-year-old Mongolian horses for the study. Blood samples were collected from these horses at different stages: before the exercise, at four intervals during the exercise (5, 10, 15, and 20 km), and at four time points after the exercise (1, 2, 4, and 6 hours).
  • The blood samples were then analyzed for a range of factors: haematology (study of blood), blood biochemistry (chemical substances in the blood), antioxidant enzyme activities, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics (the study of the chemicals processes involving metabolites).

Findings

  • The results demonstrated substantial changes in the horses’ heart rates, speeds, blood cells, and biochemical markers at different stages of the exercise. This suggests that Mongolian horses undergo significant physiological and metabolic adaptations during endurance exercises.
  • Activities of antioxidant elements decreased, while the level of malondialdehyde, a marker for oxidative stress, increased post-exercise, signaling oxidative imbalance.
  • A total of 122 differential metabolites were identified via metabolomics analysis. Two of these metabolites, uric acid and L-tyrosine, were found to be enriched in energy metabolism pathways.
  • Both uric acid and L-tyrosine showed positive correlation with serum creatine kinase, indicating their potential usefulness as biomarkers of oxidative-imbalance injury in horses.

Implications

  • This study provides insights into the mechanisms that allow Mongolian horses to adapt to endurance exercises. This understanding can help in enhancing the performance of these horses, specifically, and equine performance, generally.
  • The research also pointed to uric acid and L-tyrosine as potential markers for oxidative-imbalance injury. If these findings are replicated in other studies, these metabolites could be used for monitoring and managing oxidative stress in equine athletes.
  • These outcomes provide a theoretical groundwork for minimizing oxidative imbalance, which could contribute to the sustainability and growth of the equine industry.

Cite This Article

APA
Zhang X, Liu Y, Li L, Ma W, Bai D, Dugarjaviin M. (2025). Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Mongolian Horses to a 20 km Endurance Exercise and Screening for New Oxidative-Imbalance Biomarkers. Animals (Basel), 15(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091350

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 9

Researcher Affiliations

Zhang, Xinzhuang
  • Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China.
  • Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Science Research and Technology Innovation, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
Liu, Yuanyi
  • Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China.
  • Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Science Research and Technology Innovation, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
Li, Lianhao
  • Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China.
  • Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Science Research and Technology Innovation, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
Ma, Wei
  • Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China.
  • Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Science Research and Technology Innovation, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
Bai, Dongyi
  • Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China.
  • Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Science Research and Technology Innovation, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
Dugarjaviin, Manglai
  • Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China.
  • Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Science Research and Technology Innovation, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
  • College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.

Grant Funding

  • BR230405 / Outstanding Youth Science Fund Training Project of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University
  • 2023YFDZ0002 / Key R&D Project of Inner Mongolia
  • 2021MS03016 / Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia
  • 31902188 / National Natural Science Foundation of China

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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