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Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Vet Sci / Physiological and skeletal muscle responses to high-intensit...
Frontiers in veterinary science2023; 10; 1241266; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1241266

Physiological and skeletal muscle responses to high-intensity interval exercise in Thoroughbred horses.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether acute high-intensity interval exercise or sprint interval exercise induces greater physiological and skeletal muscle responses compared to moderate-intensity continuous exercise in horses. Unassigned: In a randomized crossover design, eight trained Thoroughbred horses performed three treadmill exercise protocols consisting of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (6 min at 70% VOmax; MICT), high-intensity interval exercise (6 × 30 s at 100% VOmax; HIIT), and sprint interval exercise (6 × 15 s at 120% VOmax; SIT). Arterial blood samples were collected to measure blood gas variables and plasma lactate concentration. Biopsy samples were obtained from the gluteus medius muscle before, immediately after, 4 h, and 24 h after exercise for biochemical analysis, western blotting and real-time RT-PCR. Effects of time and exercise protocol were analyzed using mixed models ( < 0.05). Unassigned: Heart rate and plasma lactate concentration at the end of exercise were higher in HIIT and SIT than those in MICT (heart rate, HIIT vs. MICT, = 0.0005; SIT vs. MICT, = 0.0015; lactate, HIIT vs. MICT, = 0.0014; SIT vs. MICT, = 0.0003). Arterial O saturation and arterial pH in HIIT and SIT were lower compared with MICT (SaO, HIIT vs. MICT, = 0.0035; SIT vs. MICT, = 0.0265; pH, HIIT vs. MICT, = 0.0011; SIT vs. MICT, = 0.0023). Muscle glycogen content decreased significantly in HIIT ( = 0.0004) and SIT ( = 0.0016) immediately after exercise, but not in MICT ( = 0.19). Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in HIIT showed a significant increase immediately after exercise ( = 0.014), but the increase was not significant in MICT ( = 0.13) and SIT ( = 0.39). At 4 h after exercise, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α mRNA increased in HIIT ( = 0.0027) and SIT ( = 0.0019) and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA increased in SIT ( = 0.0002). Unassigned: Despite an equal run distance, HIIT and SIT cause more severe arterial hypoxemia and lactic acidosis compared with MICT. In addition, HIIT activates the AMPK signaling cascade, and HIIT and SIT elevate mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, whereas MICT did not induce any significant changes to these signaling pathways.
Copyright © 2023 Mukai, Ohmura, Takahashi, Ebisuda, Yoneda and Miyata.
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Publication Date: 2023-11-09 PubMed ID: 38026631PubMed Central: PMC10679931DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1241266Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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This research article talks about the physiological and muscular responses in horses to high-intensity interval exercise and if it provides more benefits compared with moderate-intensity continuous exercise. It found that high-intensity interval exercise and sprint interval exercise both caused more severe arterial hypoxemia and lactic acidosis but also activated more signaling pathways than moderate-intensity continuous exercise.

Study Design & Methodology

  • The study involved eight trained Thoroughbred horses which were made to perform three different kinds of treadmill exercise protocols: moderate-intensity continuous exercise, high-intensity interval exercise, and sprint interval exercise.
  • Measurements of various relevant physiological parameters were taken. Blood samples were collected to measure blood gas variables and plasma lactate concentration while biopsy samples were collected from the gluteus medius muscle before, immediately after, and 4 and 24 hours after exercise. These biopsy samples were used for biochemical analysis, western blotting and real-time RT-PCR.
  • The research applied statistical models to analyze the effects of time and type of exercise protocol on the collected data.

Findings

  • The heart rate and plasma lactate concentration at the end of the exercise session were found to be higher for high-intensity interval exercise and sprint interval exercise when compared with moderate-intensity continuous exercise.
  • The arterial oxygen saturation and arterial pH in high-intensity interval exercise and sprint interval exercise were lower than in moderate-intensity continuous exercise.
  • There was a significant decrease in muscle glycogen content immediately after high-intensity interval exercise and sprint interval exercise, but not after moderate-intensity continuous exercise.
  • Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase in high-intensity interval exercise showed a significant increase immediately after exercise.
  • At four hours after exercise, levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α mRNA increased in high-intensity interval exercise and sprint interval exercise and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA increased in sprint interval exercise.

Conclusions

  • The study concluded that despite having the same run distance, high-intensity interval exercise, and sprint interval exercise caused more severe arterial hypoxemia and lactic acidosis compared with moderate-intensity continuous exercise.
  • However, high-intensity interval exercise activated more signaling pathways associated with muscle adaptation and both high-intensity interval exercise and sprint interval exercise resulted in elevating mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis. Moderate-intensity continuous exercise did not induce any significant changes to these signaling pathways.

Cite This Article

APA
Mukai K, Ohmura H, Takahashi Y, Ebisuda Y, Yoneda K, Miyata H. (2023). Physiological and skeletal muscle responses to high-intensity interval exercise in Thoroughbred horses. Front Vet Sci, 10, 1241266. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1241266

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Pages: 1241266
PII: 1241266

Researcher Affiliations

Mukai, Kazutaka
  • Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
Ohmura, Hajime
  • Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
Takahashi, Yuji
  • Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
Ebisuda, Yusaku
  • Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan.
Yoneda, Koki
  • Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
Miyata, Hirofumi
  • Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.

Conflict of Interest Statement

KM, OH, YT, and YE are employees of the Japan Racing Association. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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