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Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde2026; 168(9); 131-142; doi: 10.17236/sat00482

Pilot Study on the Development and Assessment of a Novel Sensor for Measuring Rein Tension.

Abstract: Effective horse-rider communication is essential in equestrian sports, both for performance and animal welfare. Rein tension, which is often applied through negative reinforcement (i.e., the release of pressure to reward a desired response), plays a central role in this interaction. However, high or inconsistent tension can lead to discomfort or injury, particularly in the mouth cavity. While previous studies have analyzed rein tension in basic gaits such as walk, trot, and canter, limited research exists on more complex maneuvers like jumping or abrupt stops. This pilot study introduces a custom-designed strain gauge-based sensor system developed to measure rein tension under typical riding conditions. A high sampling rate was configured to allow accurate detection of short-duration tension peaks. The sensors were calibrated and showed an accuracy of. Eine effektive Kommunikation zwischen Pferd und Reiter ist im Pferdesport sowohl für die Leistung als auch für das Wohlergehen des Tieres von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die Zügelspannung, die häufig durch negative Verstärkung (d. h. das Lösen des Drucks als Belohnung für eine gewünschte Reaktion) eingesetzt wird, spielt in dieser Interaktion eine zentrale Rolle. Eine zu hohe oder ungleichmässige Spannung kann jedoch insbesondere im Maulbereich zu Beschwerden oder Verletzungen führen. Während frühere Studien die Zügelspannung bei Grundgangarten wie Schritt, Trab und Galopp analysiert haben, gibt es nur wenige Untersuchungen zu komplexeren Manövern wie Springen oder abrupten Stopps. Diese Pilotstudie stellt ein speziell entwickeltes, auf Dehnungsmessstreifen basierendes Sensorsystem vor, das zur Messung der Zügelkraft unter typischen Reitbedingungen konzipiert wurde. Es wurde eine hohe Abtastrate konfiguriert, um kurzzeitige Spannungsspitzen genau erfassen zu können. Die Sensoren wurden kalibriert und wiesen eine Genauigkeit von < 1 % auf. Fünf professionelle Reiter-Pferd-Teams absolvierten standardisierte Einheiten, die verschiedene Gangarten, Sprünge und unerwartete Stopps umfassten. Die statistische Analyse ergab signifikante Unterschiede in der Zügelspannung zwischen den verschiedenen Gangarten (p < 0,05). Die mittleren Zügelkraftwerte betrugen 16,7 N im Schritt, 29,7 N im Trab, 36,8 N im Galopp, 114,2 N beim Springen und 200,3 N bei unerwarteten Stopps. Die Sensoren funktionierten während des gesamten Tests zuverlässig und konsistent und beeinträchtigten die Reit­leistung nicht. Die Zügelzugkraftmuster wurden sowohl von der Art des Manövers als auch von der individuellen ­Dynamik zwischen Reiter und Pferd beeinflusst. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass das System für die Bewertung der Zügelzugkraft unter typischen Reitbedingungen zuverlässig ist. Une communication efficace entre le cheval et le cavalier est essentielle dans les sports équestres, tant pour la performance que pour le bien-être animal. La tension des rênes, souvent appliquée par le biais du renforcement négatif (c’est-à-dire le relâchement de la pression pour récompenser une réponse souhaitée), joue un rôle central dans cette interaction. Cependant, une tension trop forte ou irrégulière peut entraîner une gêne ou des blessures, en particulier au niveau de la cavité buccale. Alors que des études antérieures ont analysé la tension des rênes lors d’allures de base telles que le pas, le trot et le galop, peu de recherches existent sur des manœuvres plus complexes comme le saut ou les arrêts brusques. Cette étude pilote présente un système de capteurs spécial, basé sur des jauges de contrainte, développé pour mesurer la tension des rênes dans des conditions d’équitation particulières. Une fréquence d’échantillonnage élevée a été configurée pour permettre une détection précise des pics de tension de courte durée. Les capteurs ont été étalonnés et ont montré une précision de. Una comunicazione efficace tra cavallo e cavaliere è fondamentale negli sport equestri, sia per la performance sia per il benessere dell’animale. La tensione delle redini, spesso applicata attraverso il rinforzo negativo (ovvero il rilascio della pressione come ricompensa per una risposta desiderata), svolge un ruolo centrale in questa interazione. Tuttavia, una tensione elevata o incoerente può causare disagio o lesioni, in particolare nella cavità orale del cavallo. Sebbene studi precedenti abbiano analizzato la tensione delle redini nelle andature di base come passo, trotto e galoppo, esistono poche ricerche su manovre più complesse come il salto o le fermate improvvise. Questo studio pilota presenta un sistema di sensori personalizzato basato su estensimetri, sviluppato per misurare la tensione delle redini in condizioni tipiche di equitazione. È stata configurata un’elevata frequenza di campionamento per consentire il rilevamento accurato di picchi di tensione di breve durata. I sensori sono stati calibrati e hanno mostrato una precisione inferiore all’1 %. Cinque binomi professionali cavallo–cavaliere hanno eseguito sessioni standardizzate comprendenti diverse andature, salti e arresti improvvisi. L’analisi statistica ha evidenziato differenze significative nella tensione delle redini tra le diverse andature (p < 0,05). I valori medi di tensione delle redini sono stati: 16,7 N durante il passo, 29,7 N durante il trotto, 36,8 N durante il galoppo, 114,2 N durante il salto e 200,3 N durante gli arresti improvvisi. I sensori hanno funzionato in modo affidabile e costante durante tutte le prove e non hanno interferito con le prestazioni di guida. I modelli di tensione delle redini sono risultati influenzati sia dal tipo di manovra sia dalle dinamiche individuali di ciascun binomio. I risultati suggeriscono che il sistema è affidabile per la valutazione della tensione delle redini in condizioni tipiche di equitazione.
Publication Date: 2026-09-01 PubMed ID: 42677963DOI: 10.17236/sat00482Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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Overview

  • This pilot study developed and tested a novel strain gauge-based sensor system designed to accurately measure rein tension during various equestrian maneuvers under typical riding conditions.
  • The study found significant differences in rein tension across gait types and complex movements, indicating the sensor’s reliability and potential usefulness in monitoring horse-rider interactions.

Background and Purpose

  • Effective communication between horse and rider is crucial for both performance and animal welfare in equestrian sports.
  • Rein tension is a key component of this communication, often applied using negative reinforcement—releasing pressure to reward a desired response.
  • Excessive or inconsistent rein tension can cause discomfort or injury, particularly in the horse’s mouth.
  • Previous research mainly analyzed rein tension during basic gaits such as walk, trot, and canter.
  • There is limited research on rein tension during more complex maneuvers like jumping or sudden stops, which can involve higher and rapidly changing forces.
  • This study aimed to develop a custom sensor to reliably measure rein tension during diverse riding conditions, including complex maneuvers.

Sensor Development and Calibration

  • The sensor system was based on strain gauges, which detect tension by measuring deformation in the rein material.
  • High sampling rates were set to capture short-duration peaks in rein tension that occur during abrupt actions like jumps or stops.
  • The sensors underwent calibration to ensure measurement accuracy, achieving precision better than 1% error.

Study Design and Testing

  • The study involved five professional horse-rider teams (binomials) performing standardized riding sessions.
  • The sessions included various gaits (walk, trot, canter), jumping maneuvers, and unexpected stops to simulate typical and complex riding scenarios.
  • Rein tension data were recorded continuously throughout these sessions using the developed sensor system.

Data Analysis and Results

  • Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in mean rein tension values among different types of movements.
  • Mean rein tension values recorded were:
    • Walk (Schritt): 16.7 Newtons
    • Trot (Trab): 29.7 Newtons
    • Canter (Galopp): 36.8 Newtons
    • Jumping: 114.2 Newtons
    • Unexpected stops: 200.3 Newtons
  • These values illustrate that more complex or sudden maneuvers require significantly higher rein tension compared to basic gaits.
  • Rein tension patterns varied not only with the type of maneuver but also due to individual dynamics between rider and horse.

Reliability and Practical Implications

  • The sensors operated reliably and consistently throughout all test sessions without interfering with the rider’s performance.
  • This validated that the system can be used under typical riding conditions for real-time or recorded measurements of rein tension.
  • Understanding rein tension patterns may aid in optimizing rider technique to improve animal welfare and performance, potentially reducing the risk of discomfort or injury due to excessive rein pressure.
  • Future work could expand testing to a greater diversity of horse-rider pairs and riding conditions and explore the sensor’s application for training and monitoring.

Conclusion

  • The pilot study successfully demonstrated the feasibility of a strain gauge-based sensor system to measure rein tension across a variety of equestrian activities.
  • The system showed high accuracy and reliability, capturing nuanced differences linked to gait type and specific maneuvers.
  • These findings support the potential use of such sensors in equestrian sports to enhance horse welfare and improve communication between horse and rider through better understanding and control of rein tension.

Cite This Article

APA
Bär Meneses A, Fürst AE, Stutz A, Rohrer C, Michel S, Simona J, Contreras Raggio JI, Vivanco Morales JF, Weisse B. (2026). Pilot Study on the Development and Assessment of a Novel Sensor for Measuring Rein Tension. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 168(9), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00482

Publication

ISSN: 1664-2848
NlmUniqueID: 0424247
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 168
Issue: 9
Pages: 131-142

Researcher Affiliations

Bär Meneses, A
  • Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
  • Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar, Chile.
Fürst, A E
  • Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Stutz, A
  • Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Rohrer, C
  • Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Michel, S
  • Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Simona, J
  • Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Contreras Raggio, J I
  • Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
  • Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar, Chile.
Vivanco Morales, J F
  • Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar, Chile.
Weisse, B
  • Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Biomechanical Phenomena
  • Horses / physiology
  • Pilot Projects
  • Sports

Citations

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