Analyze Diet
Equine veterinary journal2022; 55(1); 33-41; doi: 10.1111/evj.13575

Plantar osteochondral fragments in young Standardbreds are associated with minimal joint inflammation at the time of surgical removal.

Abstract: Plantar osteochondral fragments (POF) are common but their effect on joint health of young Standardbreds in race training is largely unknown. Objective: Evaluate the inflammatory effects of POF in metatarsophalangeal joints of young Standardbreds as a step towards developing evidence-based recommendations for surgical removal. Methods: Cohort study. Methods: Forty-nine Standardbred horses (age 11-33 months) presented for surgical removal of POF from 56 metatarsophalangeal joints. Synovial tissue collected at arthroscopy was subjected to histopathology. IL-1β, TNF-α, and PGE-2 were measured in synovial fluid using ELISA. Digital arthroscopy images were scored for inflammation. Racing performance data were retrieved from a public database. Results: Median time in race training prior to surgery was 8 weeks (IQR 4-12; range 0-40). There was minimal evidence of synovial inflammation as assessed by histopathology (median total score 2/20, IQR 0-2, range 0-5) or arthroscopy (median average total score 2.67/15, IQR 1.79-4, range 0-8.83). IL-1β was not detected in any sample. TNF-α (median 0 pg/mL, IQR 0-0) and PGE-2 (median 56.6 pg/mL, IRQ 40.5-99.8) were measured at low levels. Weeks in training prior to surgery was associated with the number of starts in the season after surgery (incidence rate ratio 1.02, 95% CI 1.00, 1.04, P = .03). Conclusions: Small sample size from a single breed with a relatively short training time prior to surgery. Conclusions: There was minimal evidence of synovial inflammation in the metatarsophalangeal joints in this population of young Standardbred horses with POF. It is possible that POF may result in a different inflammatory response than other fragments because they are generally well-embedded in situ. These findings suggest that, in Standardbreds, race training can commence several weeks prior to surgical removal of POF with minimal detrimental effects on joint health, although further investigation of long-term effects of POF on joint health is warranted. Unassigned: Les fragments plantaires ostéochondraux (POF) sont communs mais leur effet au niveau sur la santé articulaire chez les jeunes Standardbreds en entraînement de course demeure inconnu. Objective: Évaluer les effets inflammatoires des POF des articulations métatarsophalangiennes chez les jeunes Standardbreds dans le but d’ajouter à l’évidence disponible concernant les recommandations pour leur retrait chirurgical. TYPE D’ÉTUDE: Étude de cohorte descriptive clinique. MÉTHODES: Quarante-neuf chevaux Standardbreds (âgés 11-33 mois) ont été présentés pour retrait chirurgical de POF en provenance de 56 articulations métatarsophalangiennes. Un échantillon de membrane synoviale recueilli au moment de l’arthroscopie a été soumis en histopathologie. IL-1β, TNF-α, and PGE-2 ont été mesurés dans le liquide synovial par ELISA. Les images digitales d’arthroscopie ont été évaluées pour la présence d’inflammation. Les données de performance en course ont été retrouvées via une base de données publique. RÉSULTATS: Le temps médian de retour à l’entraînement suivant la procédure chirurgicale était de 8 semaines (IQR 4-12; étendu 0-40). Peu d’inflammation synoviale a été détectée en histopathologie (score médian total 2/20, IQR 0-2, étendu 0-5) ou arthroscopie (score médian total 2.67/15, IQR 1.79-4, étendu 0-8.83). IL-1β a été détectée dans aucun échantillon. TNF-α (médiane 0 pg/mL, IQR 0-0) et PGE-2 (médiane 56.6 pg/mL, IQR 40.5-99.8) ont été détectés en faible quantité. Le nombre de semaines à l’entraînement avant la procédure chirurgicale était associé au nombre de départs pour la saison suivant la chirurgie (IRR 1.02, P = 0.03). Unassigned: Petite taille d’échantillon provenant d’une seule race de chevaux ayant une période d’entraînement relativement courte avant la procédure chirurgicale. Conclusions: Il y a peu d’évidence d’inflammation synoviale dans les articulations métatarsophalangiennes chez cette population de jeunes chevaux Standardbreds ayant des POF. Il est possible que les POF entraînent une réponse inflammatoire différente des autres fragments puisqu’ils sont généralement bien attachés dans l’articulation. Ces résultats suggèrent que chez les Standardbreds, l’entraînement de course puisse commencer plusieurs semaines avant le retrait chirurgical des POF en ayant des effets délétères minimaux pour la santé articulaire. Ceci dit, davantage de recherche est nécessaire pour établir les effets à long-terme de ces POF sur la santé articulaire.
Publication Date: 2022-03-29 PubMed ID: 35298851PubMed Central: PMC10083909DOI: 10.1111/evj.13575Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the impact of Plantar Osteochondral Fragments (POF) on the joint health of young race-training Standardbred horses, providing evidence that surgical removal of these fragments is associated with minimal joint inflammation.

Research Methodology

  • The study was a cohort-based research involving forty-nine Standardbred horses aged between 11-33 months. The horses presented for surgical removal of POF from 56 metatarsophalangeal joints.
  • Synovial tissue was collected at arthroscopy for histopathology.
  • The inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and PGE-2 were measured in the synovial fluid using ELISA.
  • Digital arthroscopy images were scored for inflammation. Racing performance data for the horses were retrieved from a public database.

Results

  • The median time in race training prior to surgery was 8 weeks and there was minimal evidence of synovial inflammation as assessed by histopathology or arthroscopy.
  • No samples detected IL-1β. Meanwhile, TNF-α and PGE-2 were measured at low levels.
  • Furthermore, the number of weeks in training prior to surgery was associated with the number of starts in the season after surgery.

Conclusion

  • The study concludes that there was minimal evidence of synovial inflammation in the metatarsophalangeal joints in Standardbred horses with POF.
  • The POF might result in a different inflammatory response than other fragments because they are generally well-embedded in situ.
  • The findings suggest that race training can begin several weeks prior to POF surgical removal with minimal detrimental effects on joint health.
  • Although, the study recommends further research into the long-term effects of POF on joint health.
  • However, the research was limited by a small sample size and a relatively short training time prior to surgery.

Cite This Article

APA
McCoy AM, Secor EJ, Roady PJ, Gray SM, Klein J, Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD. (2022). Plantar osteochondral fragments in young Standardbreds are associated with minimal joint inflammation at the time of surgical removal. Equine Vet J, 55(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13575

Publication

ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 55
Issue: 1
Pages: 33-41

Researcher Affiliations

McCoy, Annette M
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Secor, Erica J
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Roady, Patrick J
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Gray, Sarah M
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Klein, Julie
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Gutierrez-Nibeyro, Santiago D
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Horse Diseases / pathology
  • Cohort Studies
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
  • Arthroscopy / veterinary
  • Arthroscopy / adverse effects
  • Inflammation / veterinary
  • Prostaglandins E

Grant Funding

  • James R. Harkness Fund
  • University of Illinois Companion Animal Research Grant Funds

Conflict of Interest Statement

No competing interests have been declared.

References

This article includes 29 references
  1. Denoix JM, Jeffcott LB, McIlwraith CW, van Weeren PR. A review of terminology for equine juvenile osteochondral conditions (JOCC) based on anatomical and functional considerations.. Vet J 2013 Jul;197(1):29-35.
    pubmed: 23683533doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.038google scholar: lookup
  2. Sandgren B. Bony fragments in the tarsocrural and metacarpo- or metatarsophalangeal joints in the standardbred horse--a radiographic survey.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1988 Sep;(6):66-70.
  3. Lykkjen S, Roed KH, Dolvik NI. Osteochondrosis and osteochondral fragments in Standardbred trotters: prevalence and relationships.. Equine Vet J 2012 May;44(3):332-8.
  4. Nixon AJ, Pool RR. Histologic appearance of axial osteochondral fragments from the proximoplantar/proximopalmar aspect of the proximal phalanx in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995 Oct 15;207(8):1076-80.
    pubmed: 7559050
  5. Jönsson L, Dalin G, Egenvall A, Näsholm A, Roepstorff L, Philipsson J. Equine hospital data as a source for study of prevalence and heritability of osteochondrosis and palmar/plantar osseous fragments of Swedish Warmblood horses.. Equine Vet J 2011 Nov;43(6):695-700.
  6. McCoy AM, Toth F, Dolvik NI, Ekman S, Ellermann J, Olstad K, Ytrehus B, Carlson CS. Articular osteochondrosis: a comparison of naturally-occurring human and animal disease.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013 Nov;21(11):1638-47.
    pmc: PMC3815567pubmed: 23954774doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.08.011google scholar: lookup
  7. Fortier LA, Foerner JJ, Nixon AJ. Arthroscopic removal of axial osteochondral fragments of the plantar/palmar proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx in horses: 119 cases (1988-1992).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995 Jan 1;206(1):71-4.
    pubmed: 7744667
  8. Carmalt JL, Borg H, Näslund H, Waldner C. Racing performance of Swedish Standardbred trotting horses with proximal palmar/plantar first phalangeal (Birkeland) fragments compared to fragment free controls.. Vet J 2014 Oct;202(1):43-7.
    pubmed: 25163613doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.017google scholar: lookup
  9. Trumble TN, Trotter GW, Oxford JR, McIlwraith CW, Cammarata S, Goodnight JL, Billinghurst RC, Frisbie DD. Synovial fluid gelatinase concentrations and matrix metalloproteinase and cytokine expression in naturally occurring joint disease in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2001 Sep;62(9):1467-77.
    pubmed: 11560279doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1467google scholar: lookup
  10. de Grauw JC, Brama PA, Wiemer P, Brommer H, van de Lest CH, van Weeren PR. Cartilage-derived biomarkers and lipid mediators of inflammation in horses with osteochondritis dissecans of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia.. Am J Vet Res 2006 Jul;67(7):1156-62.
    pubmed: 16817736doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.7.1156google scholar: lookup
  11. McIlwraith CW, Nixon AJ, Wright IM. Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy in the Horse, 4th edn. Edinburgh, UK: Mosby Elsevier; 2015.
  12. Trumble TN, Brown MP, Merritt KA, Billinghurst RC. Joint dependent concentrations of bone alkaline phosphatase in serum and synovial fluids of horses with osteochondral injury: an analytical and clinical validation.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008 Jul;16(7):779-86.
    pubmed: 18162418doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.11.008google scholar: lookup
  13. McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Fuller CJ, Hurtig M, Cruz A. The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the horse.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010 Oct;18 Suppl 3:S93-105.
    pubmed: 20864027doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.05.031google scholar: lookup
  14. nR Core Teamn. R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; 2018. https://www.R‐project.org/n
  15. Jackman S. pscl: classes and methods for R developed in the political science computational laboratory, United States Studies Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; 2020.
  16. nGamer M, Lemon J, Fellows I, Singh P. irr: various coefficients of interrater reliability and agreement; 2019. R package version 0.84.1. https://CRAN.R‐project.org/package=irrn
  17. Venables WN, Ripley BD. Modern applied statistics with R, 4th edn. New York: Springer; 2002.
  18. Houttu J. Arthroscopic removal of osteochondral fragments of the palmar/plantar aspect of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints.. Equine Vet J 1991 May;23(3):163-5.
  19. Boyce MK, Trumble TN, Carlson CS, Groschen DM, Merritt KA, Brown MP. Non-terminal animal model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis induced by acute joint injury.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013 May;21(5):746-55.
    pmc: PMC3624059pubmed: 23467035doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.02.653google scholar: lookup
  20. Whitton RC, Kannegieter NJ. Osteochondral fragmentation of the plantar/palmar proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx in racing horses.. Aust Vet J 1994 Oct;71(10):318-21.
  21. Sutton S, Clutterbuck A, Harris P, Gent T, Freeman S, Foster N, Barrett-Jolley R, Mobasheri A. The contribution of the synovium, synovial derived inflammatory cytokines and neuropeptides to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.. Vet J 2009 Jan;179(1):10-24.
    pubmed: 17911037doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.013google scholar: lookup
  22. Brink P, Skydsgaard M, Teige J, Tverdal A, Dolvik NI. Association between clinical signs and histopathologic changes in the synovium of the tarsocrural joint of horses with osteochondritis dissecans of the tibia.. Am J Vet Res 2010 Jan;71(1):47-54.
    pubmed: 20043780doi: 10.2460/ajvr.71.1.47google scholar: lookup
  23. Bertone AL, Palmer JL, Jones J. Synovial fluid cytokines and eicosanoids as markers of joint disease in horses.. Vet Surg 2001 Nov-Dec;30(6):528-38.
    pubmed: 11704948doi: 10.1053/jvet.2001.28430google scholar: lookup
  24. Broeckx SY, Pille F, Buntinx S, Van Brantegem L, Duchateau L, Oosterlinck M, Chiers K, Bertone AL, Spaas JH, Martens AM. Evaluation of an osteochondral fragment-groove procedure for induction of metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2019 Mar;80(3):246-258.
    pubmed: 30801207doi: 10.2460/ajvr.80.3.246google scholar: lookup
  25. Bertuglia A, Pagliara E, Grego E, Ricci A, Brkljaca-Bottegaro N. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and structural biomarkers are effective to categorize osteoarthritis phenotype and progression in Standardbred racehorses over five years of racing career.. BMC Vet Res 2016 Nov 8;12(1):246.
    pmc: PMC5100096pubmed: 27821120doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0873-7google scholar: lookup
  26. Machado TSL, Massoco CO, Silva LCLC, Fülber J, Moreira JJ, Baccarin RYA. Effects of blood-derived products and sodium hyaluronate on equine synovial fluid cells and on synovial fluid from osteochondrotic joints of horses after arthroscopy and administration of treatment.. Am J Vet Res 2019 Jul;80(7):646-656.
    pubmed: 31246124doi: 10.2460/ajvr.80.7.646google scholar: lookup
  27. Brink P, Dolvik NI, Tverdal A. Lameness and effusion of the tarsocrural joints after arthroscopy of osteochondritis dissecans in horses.. Vet Rec 2009 Dec 12;165(24):709-12.
    pubmed: 20008343
  28. Bergin BJ, Pierce SW, Bramlage LR, Stromberg A. Oral hyaluronan gel reduces post operative tarsocrural effusion in the yearling Thoroughbred.. Equine Vet J 2006 Jul;38(4):375-8.
    pubmed: 16866209doi: 10.2746/042516406777749218google scholar: lookup
  29. McCoy AM, Ralston SL, McCue ME. Short- and long-term racing performance of Standardbred pacers and trotters after early surgical intervention for tarsal osteochondrosis.. Equine Vet J 2015 Jul;47(4):438-44.
    pmc: PMC4229490pubmed: 24819047doi: 10.1111/evj.12297google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Secor EJ, Womack SJ, Ysebaert MP, Colville MJ, Reesink HL. Synovial fluid alpha-2-macroglobulin, gelsolin and lubricin distinguish between osteoarthritic and healthy equine joints. Equine Vet J 2026 Jan;58(1):49-59.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14511pubmed: 40342270google scholar: lookup