Possible evidence for interference with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccination of equines by pre-existing antibody to Eastern or Western Equine encephalitis virus, or both.
Abstract: During 1971, an epizootic of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) reached the United States. Laboratory tests were performed on a large number of sick, healthy, unvaccinated, and vaccinated horses. Neutralization (N) tests in cell cultures revealed that 153 of 193 (79.3%) equines outside the state of Texas and 175 of 204 (85.8%) within Texas (82.6% overall) had detectable N antibody to VEE virus a week or more after vaccination. Twenty-six of 40 (65%) non-Texas equines and 18 of 29 (62%) Texas equines which had no detectable antibody against VEE virus a week or more after vaccination had N antibody against Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) or Western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus or both, whereas only 50 of 153 (32.7%) non-Texas equines and 82 of 175 (46.9%) Texas equines with demonstrable N antibody against VEE also had N antibody against EEE and/or WEE virus. In vaccinated equines, significant negative correlations were found between the occurrence of antibody to VEE and antibody to EEE and/or WEE virus. These findings support the hypothesis that pre-existing antibody to EEE and/or WEE virus may modify or interfere with infection by VEE virus. The epizoologic significance of this possibility is discussed briefly.
Publication Date: 1973-10-01 PubMed ID: 4751797PubMed Central: PMC379832DOI: 10.1128/am.26.4.485-488.1973Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Antibodies
- Diagnosis
- Disease control
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Etiology
- Disease Outbreaks
- Disease Prevalence
- Disease Surveillance
- Disease Transmission
- Disease Treatment
- Encephalomyelitis
- Epidemiology
- Epizootic
- Equine Diseases
- Equine Health
- Infection
- Vaccine
- Veterinary Medicine
- Veterinary Research
- Virus
- Western Equine Encephalitis
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research article studies the possibility that pre-existing antibodies for Eastern or Western Equine Encephalitis (EEE or WEE) might interfere with the effectiveness of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) vaccination in equines. It suggests that such pre-existing antibodies might impede infection by VEE in horses.
Methodology and Findings
- The research took place during an outbreak of VEE in the US in 1971.
- The researchers included sick, healthy, unvaccinated, and vaccinated horses in their study sample.
- Neutralization tests were carried out in cell cultures to detect the presence of antibodies against VEE, EEE and WEE.
- The results showed that a significant majority of the horses that were vaccinated had detectable VEE antibodies a week or more after vaccination.
- Horses that did not show antibodies against VEE after vaccination were often those that had antibodies against EEE and/or WEE.
- Among vaccinated horses, there were significantly fewer horses with VEE antibodies that also had EEE and/or WEE antibodies.
Interpretation of the Results
- Based on these results, the researchers concluded that there are significant negative correlations between the occurrence of VEE antibodies and EEE and/or WEE antibodies among the vaccinated horses.
- This implies that the presence of EEE and/or WEE antibodies in a horse’s immune system might interfere with the VEE infection post-vaccination.
- This data supports the hypothesis that pre-existing EEE and/or WEE antibodies might modify or impede the process of infecting a horse with VEE post-vaccination.
- This inference contributes to the understanding of how different viruses and their respective antibodies interact within the immune system to affect vaccination outcomes.
Epizzotological Implications
- This research has key implications for the immunization of horses against various encephalitis viruses.
- The presence of other encephalitis virus antibodies in the equine immune system potentially complicating VEE vaccination strategies reflects the complex interactions in bio-systems.
- These findings warrant further in-depth research to mitigate the negative impacts interfering antibodies might have on the efficacy of veterinary vaccinations.
Cite This Article
APA
Calisher CH, Sasso DR, Sather GE.
(1973).
Possible evidence for interference with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccination of equines by pre-existing antibody to Eastern or Western Equine encephalitis virus, or both.
Appl Microbiol, 26(4), 485-488.
https://doi.org/10.1128/am.26.4.485-488.1973 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral
- Cross Reactions
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine / immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine / immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses / immunology
- False Positive Reactions
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Horses / immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Statistics as Topic
- Texas
- Time Factors
- Vaccination
References
This article includes 4 references
- Young NA, Johnson KM. Antigenic variants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: their geographic distribution and epidemiologic significance.. Am J Epidemiol 1969 Mar;89(3):286-307.
- Franck PT, Johnson KM. An outbreak of Venezuelan equine encephalomeylitis in Central America. Evidence for exogenous source of a virulent virus subtype.. Am J Epidemiol 1971 Nov;94(5):487-95.
- CASALS J. Viruses: the versatile parasites; the arthropod-borne group of animal viruses.. Trans N Y Acad Sci 1957 Jan;19(3):219-35.
- BYRNE RJ, FRENCH GR, YANCEY FS, GOCHENOUR WS, RUSSELL PK, RAMSBURG HH, BRAND OA, SCHEIDER FG, BUESCHER EL. CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGIC INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG VENEZUELAN, EASTERN, AND WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUSES IN BURROS.. Am J Vet Res 1964 Jan;25:24-31.
Citations
This article has been cited 11 times.- Desanti-Consoli H, Bouillon J, Chapuis RJJ. Equids' Core Vaccines Guidelines in North America: Considerations and Prospective.. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 Mar 4;10(3).
- Henning L, Endt K, Steigerwald R, Anderson M, Volkmann A. A Monovalent and Trivalent MVA-Based Vaccine Completely Protects Mice Against Lethal Venezuelan, Western, and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Aerosol Challenge.. Front Immunol 2020;11:598847.
- Carrera JP, Pittí Y, Molares-Martínez JC, Casal E, Pereyra-Elias R, Saenz L, Guerrero I, Galué J, Rodriguez-Alvarez F, Jackman C, Pascale JM, Armien B, Weaver SC, Donnelly CA, Vittor AY. Clinical and Serological Findings of Madariaga and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viral Infections: A Follow-up Study 5 Years After an Outbreak in Panama.. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020 Sep;7(9):ofaa359.
- Erasmus JH, Seymour RL, Kaelber JT, Kim DY, Leal G, Sherman MB, Frolov I, Chiu W, Weaver SC, Nasar F. Novel Insect-Specific Eilat Virus-Based Chimeric Vaccine Candidates Provide Durable, Mono- and Multivalent, Single-Dose Protection against Lethal Alphavirus Challenge.. J Virol 2018 Feb 15;92(4).
- Nasar F, Matassov D, Seymour RL, Latham T, Gorchakov RV, Nowak RM, Leal G, Hamm S, Eldridge JH, Tesh RB, Clarke DK, Weaver SC. Recombinant Isfahan Virus and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine Vectors Provide Durable, Multivalent, Single-Dose Protection against Lethal Alphavirus Challenge.. J Virol 2017 Apr 15;91(8).
- Ronca SE, Dineley KT, Paessler S. Neurological Sequelae Resulting from Encephalitic Alphavirus Infection.. Front Microbiol 2016;7:959.
- Vittor AY, Armien B, Gonzalez P, Carrera JP, Dominguez C, Valderrama A, Glass GE, Beltran D, Cisneros J, Wang E, Castillo A, Moreno B, Weaver SC. Epidemiology of Emergent Madariaga Encephalitis in a Region with Endemic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis: Initial Host Studies and Human Cross-Sectional Study in Darien, Panama.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 Apr;10(4):e0004554.
- Reed DS, Glass PJ, Bakken RR, Barth JF, Lind CM, da Silva L, Hart MK, Rayner J, Alterson K, Custer M, Dudek J, Owens G, Kamrud KI, Parker MD, Smith J. Combined alphavirus replicon particle vaccine induces durable and cross-protective immune responses against equine encephalitis viruses.. J Virol 2014 Oct;88(20):12077-86.
- Calisher CH. Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada.. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994 Jan;7(1):89-116.
- Moore RM Jr, Moulthrop JI, Sather GE, Holmes CL, Parker RL. Venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccination survey in Arizona and New Mexico, 1972.. Public Health Rep 1977 Jul-Aug;92(4):357-60.
- Fillis CA, Calisher CH. Neutralizing antibody responses of humans and mice to vaccination with Venezuelan encephalitis (TC-83) virus.. J Clin Microbiol 1979 Oct;10(4):544-9.
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