FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Sci / Postbiotics: Multifunctional Microbial Products Transforming...
Veterinary sciences2025; 12(12); 1191; doi: 10.3390/vetsci12121191

Postbiotics: Multifunctional Microbial Products Transforming Animal Health and Performance.

Abstract: Postbiotics, which are preparations of inanimate microorganisms and their components, have emerged as a promising functional ingredient in animal health and nutrition. Postbiotics are primarily composed of microbial cell fractions, metabolites, enzymes, vitamins, polysaccharides, and short-chain fatty acids. Unlike probiotics, postbiotics do not contain live microorganisms, which strengthens their greater stability and safety in feed/food formulations. Postbiotics offer several beneficial effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and antimicrobial actions. They enhance antioxidant enzymes, neutralize reactive oxygen species, and inhibit lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting tissues from oxidative damage. Postbiotics also inhibit pro-inflammatory molecules like TNF-α and IL-6, while enhancing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, promoting the maturation and function of immune cells, and increasing secretory IgA production. They suppress a variety of pathogenic bacteria, including , , , , etc., both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they increase beneficial gut bacteria and improve the digestion and integrity of the intestine. This article outlines the beneficial effects of postbiotics in animals including poultry, swine, canine, feline, horses, and ruminant animals, either as feed/food or as a supplement. The integration of postbiotics into animal feed improves growth performance, feed conversion ratios, and disease resistance in animals. Thus, the multifunctional benefits of postbiotics make them a valuable tool for healthy companion animals and sustainable livestock production, supporting both animal welfare and productivity without the drawbacks associated with antibiotic growth promoters.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2025-12-12 PubMed ID: 41472171PubMed Central: PMC12737557DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12121191Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • Postbiotics are non-living microbial products that offer multiple health benefits for animals.
  • They enhance animal health, immunity, and growth performance while being safer and more stable than probiotics.

What Are Postbiotics?

  • Postbiotics consist of inanimate microorganisms and their components rather than live microbes.
  • They include microbial cell fragments, metabolites, enzymes, vitamins, polysaccharides, and short-chain fatty acids.
  • Because postbiotics do not contain live bacteria, they are more stable and safer to use in animal feed and food formulations compared to probiotics.

Beneficial Biological Effects of Postbiotics

  • Antioxidant Effects:
    • Postbiotics enhance antioxidant enzyme activity.
    • They neutralize harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS).
    • Prevent lipid peroxidation, protecting tissues from oxidative damage.
  • Anti-inflammatory Actions:
    • They reduce the production of pro-inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α and IL-6.
    • Increase levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10.
  • Immune Modulation:
    • Postbiotics enhance maturation and functionality of immune cells.
    • Boost production of secretory Immunoglobulin A (IgA), a key antibody in mucosal immunity.
  • Antimicrobial Activity:
    • They inhibit various pathogenic bacteria both in laboratory settings and live animals.
    • Suppress pathogens such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and others.

Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota

  • Postbiotics increase the population of beneficial gut bacteria.
  • They improve digestion by enhancing intestinal integrity.
  • These effects contribute to a healthier gut environment, which supports nutrient absorption and overall animal well-being.

Applications Across Animal Species

  • Postbiotics have been studied in a wide range of animals including poultry, swine, dogs, cats, horses, and ruminants.
  • They can be added to animal feed or given as dietary supplements.
  • Consistent improvements have been observed in:
    • Growth performance
    • Feed conversion efficiency
    • Disease resistance and immune health

Advantages Over Antibiotics and Probiotics

  • Postbiotics do not have the risks associated with antibiotic growth promoters such as resistance development.
  • They are more stable and safer than probiotics since they contain no live microorganisms, reducing contamination risks.
  • Support animal welfare and promote sustainable livestock production practices.

Summary

  • Postbiotics represent a multifunctional microbial product that supports animal health and productivity.
  • Their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-supporting, and antimicrobial properties provide broad-spectrum benefits.
  • Use of postbiotics in animal nutrition offers a promising alternative to antibiotics and probiotics, improving performance and health in a safe, stable, and sustainable manner.

Cite This Article

APA
Prasad S, Patel B, Kumar P, Lall R. (2025). Postbiotics: Multifunctional Microbial Products Transforming Animal Health and Performance. Vet Sci, 12(12), 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121191

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 12
PII: 1191

Researcher Affiliations

Prasad, Sahdeo
  • RD Life Sciences LLC, 13707 66th Street N, Largo, FL 33771, USA.
Patel, Bhaumik
  • Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA.
Kumar, Prafulla
  • RD Life Sciences LLC, 13707 66th Street N, Largo, FL 33771, USA.
Lall, Rajiv
  • RD Life Sciences LLC, 13707 66th Street N, Largo, FL 33771, USA.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors Sahdeo Prasad, Prafulla Kumar, and Rajiv Lall work for RD LifeSciences. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 124 references
  1. Barney C. Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability.. Technol. Soc. 2006;28:18.
    doi: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2005.10.005google scholar: lookup
  2. Revell B. Meat and Milk Consumption 2050: The Potential for Demand-side Solutions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction.. EuroChoices 2015;14:4–11.
    doi: 10.1111/1746-692X.12103google scholar: lookup
  3. Turk J. Meeting projected food demands by 2050: Understanding and enhancing the role of grazing ruminants.. J. Anim. Sci. 2016;94:53–62.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2016-0547google scholar: lookup
  4. Kappes A, Tozooneyi T, Shakil G, Railey AF, McIntyre KM, Mayberry DE, Rushton J, Pendell DL, Marsh TL. Livestock health and disease economics: A scoping review of selected literature.. Front. Vet. Sci. 2023;10:1168649.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1168649pmc: PMC10546065pubmed: 37795016google scholar: lookup
  5. Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Immunology: Implications for Dairy Cattle.. Front. Immunol. 2021;12:643206.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643206pmc: PMC8276037pubmed: 34267745google scholar: lookup
  6. Underwood WJ, Blauwiekel R, Delano ML, Gillesby R, Mischler SA, Schoell A. Chapter 15—Biology and Diseases of Ruminants (Sheep, Goats, and Cattle). In: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Otto GM, Pritchett-Corning KR, Whary MT, editors. Laboratory Animal Medicine. 3rd ed. Academic Press; Boston, MA, USA: 2015. pp. 623–694.
  7. Martin MJ, Thottathil SE, Newman TB. Antibiotics Overuse in Animal Agriculture: A Call to Action for Health Care Providers.. Am. J. Public Health. 2015;105:2409–2410.
    doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302870pmc: PMC4638249pubmed: 26469675google scholar: lookup
  8. Gadde U, Kim WH, Oh ST, Lillehoj HS. Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: A review.. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2017;18:26–45.
    doi: 10.1017/S1466252316000207pubmed: 28485263google scholar: lookup
  9. Shoveller AK, Bosch G, Trevizan L, Wakshlag JJ, Columbus DA. Editorial: Nutrition and Management of Animals We Keep as Companions.. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021;8:748776.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.748776pmc: PMC8505991pubmed: 34651035google scholar: lookup
  10. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics.. J. Nutr. 1995;125:1401–1412.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/125.6.1401pubmed: 7782892google scholar: lookup
  11. Markowiak P, Śliżewska K. Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health.. Nutrients 2017;9:1021.
    doi: 10.3390/nu9091021pmc: PMC5622781pubmed: 28914794google scholar: lookup
  12. Doron S, Snydman DR. Risk and safety of probiotics.. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2015;60:S129–S134.
    doi: 10.1093/cid/civ085pmc: PMC4490230pubmed: 25922398google scholar: lookup
  13. Sanders ME, Akkermans LM, Haller D, Hammerman C, Heimbach J, Hörmannsperger G, Huys G, Levy DD, Lutgendorff F, Mack D. Safety assessment of probiotics for human use.. Gut Microbes 2010;1:164–185.
    doi: 10.4161/gmic.1.3.12127pmc: PMC3023597pubmed: 21327023google scholar: lookup
  14. Liu X, Zhao H, Wong A. Accounting for the health risk of probiotics.. Heliyon 2024;10:e27908.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27908pmc: PMC10950733pubmed: 38510031google scholar: lookup
  15. Vahabnezhad E, Mochon AB, Wozniak LJ, Ziring DA. Lactobacillus bacteremia associated with probiotic use in a pediatric patient with ulcerative colitis.. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2013;47:437–439.
    doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318279abf0pubmed: 23426446google scholar: lookup
  16. Salminen S, Collado M.C, Endo A, Hill C, Lebeer S, Quigley E.M.M, Sanders M.E, Shamir R, Swann J.R, Szajewska H. The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics.. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021;18:649–667.
    doi: 10.1038/s41575-021-00440-6pmc: PMC8387231pubmed: 33948025google scholar: lookup
  17. Canfora E.E, Jocken J.W, Blaak E.E. Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity.. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2015;11:577–591.
    doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.128pubmed: 26260141google scholar: lookup
  18. Wong J.M, de Souza R, Kendall C.W, Emam A, Jenkins D.J. Colonic health: Fermentation and short chain fatty acids.. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2006;40:235–243.
    doi: 10.1097/00004836-200603000-00015pubmed: 16633129google scholar: lookup
  19. Nogal A, Valdes A.M, Menni C. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between gut microbiota and diet in cardio-metabolic health.. Gut Microbes 2021;13:1897212.
    doi: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1897212pmc: PMC8007165pubmed: 33764858google scholar: lookup
  20. Gurung N, Ray S, Bose S, Rai V. A broader view: Microbial enzymes and their relevance in industries, medicine, and beyond.. Biomed. Res. Int. 2013;2013:329121.
    doi: 10.1155/2013/329121pmc: PMC3784079pubmed: 24106701google scholar: lookup
  21. Wijesekara T, Abeyrathne E, Ahn D.U. Effect of Bioactive Peptides on Gut Microbiota and Their Relations to Human Health.. Foods 2024;13:1853.
    doi: 10.3390/foods13121853pmc: PMC11202804pubmed: 38928795google scholar: lookup
  22. Thorakkattu P, Khanashyam A.C, Shah K, Babu K.S, Mundanat A.S, Deliephan A, Deokar G.S, Santivarangkna C, Nirmal N.P. Postbiotics: Current Trends in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry.. Foods 2022;11:3094.
    doi: 10.3390/foods11193094pmc: PMC9564201pubmed: 36230169google scholar: lookup
  23. Kim K.W, Kang S.S, Woo S.J, Park O.J, Ahn K.B, Song K.D, Lee H.K, Yun C.H, Han S.H. Lipoteichoic Acid of Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Attenuates Poly I:C-Induced IL-8 Production in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells.. Front. Microbiol. 2017;8:1827.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01827pmc: PMC5613100pubmed: 28983294google scholar: lookup
  24. Kaur N, Dey P. Bacterial exopolysaccharides as emerging bioactive macromolecules: From fundamentals to applications.. Res. Microbiol. 2023;174:104024.
    doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.104024pubmed: 36587857google scholar: lookup
  25. Angelin J, Kavitha M. Exopolysaccharides from probiotic bacteria and their health potential.. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020;162:853–865.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.190pmc: PMC7308007pubmed: 32585269google scholar: lookup
  26. Deng S, Liu S, Li X, Liu H, Li F, Liu K, Zeng H, Zeng X, Xin B. Thuricins: Novel Leaderless Bacteriocins with Potent Antimicrobial Activity Against Gram-Positive Foodborne Pathogens.. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2022;70:9990–9999.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02890pubmed: 35924350google scholar: lookup
  27. Li J, Chen J, Yang G, Tao L. Sublancin protects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection by the combined modulation of innate immune response and microbiota.. Peptides 2021;141:170533.
    doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170533pubmed: 33775803google scholar: lookup
  28. Xie Z, Zhang G, Liu R, Wang Y, Tsapieva A.N, Zhang L, Han J. Heat-Killed Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Repairs Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Damage via MLCK/MLC Pathway Activation.. Nutrients 2023;15:1758.
    doi: 10.3390/nu15071758pmc: PMC10097264pubmed: 37049598google scholar: lookup
  29. Magrys A, Pawlik M. Postbiotic Fractions of Probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum 299v and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Show Immune-Modulating Effects.. Cells 2023;12:2538.
    doi: 10.3390/cells12212538pmc: PMC10648844pubmed: 37947616google scholar: lookup
  30. Ancuta D.L, Alexandru D.M, Muselin F, Cristina R.T, Coman C. Assessment of the Effect on Periodontitis of Antibiotic Therapy and Bacterial Lysate Treatment.. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024;25:5432.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms25105432pmc: PMC11121696pubmed: 38791469google scholar: lookup
  31. Izuddin WI, Humam AM, Loh TC, Foo HL, Samsudin AA. Dietary Postbiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Improves Serum and Ruminal Antioxidant Activity and Upregulates Hepatic Antioxidant Enzymes and Ruminal Barrier Function in Post-Weaning Lambs. Antioxidants 2020;9:250.
    doi: 10.3390/antiox9030250pmc: PMC7139658pubmed: 32204511google scholar: lookup
  32. Noori SMA, Behfar A, Saadat A, Ameri A, Atashi S, Siahpoosh A. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Natural Postbiotics Derived from Five Lactic Acid Bacteria. Jundishapur J. Nat. Pharm. Prod. 2022. in press.
    doi: 10.5812/jjnpp-130785google scholar: lookup
  33. Davarzani S, Sanjabi MR, Mojgani N, Mirdamadi S, Soltani M. Investigating the Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Cholesterol-lowering Properties of Yogurt Fortified with Postbiotic of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in the Wistar Rat Model. J. Food Prot. 2024;87:100408.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100408pubmed: 39547582google scholar: lookup
  34. Aliouche N, Sifour M, Ouled-Haddar H. Exploring the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial potential of postbiotic compounds derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum O7S1. Biotechnologia 2024;105:215–225.
    doi: 10.5114/bta.2024.141802pmc: PMC11492891pubmed: 39439713google scholar: lookup
  35. Safura J, Naheed M, Setareh H, Mohammad Reza S, Solmaz S-N. Investigation of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of postbiotics produced by lactobacillus rhamnosus and limosilactobacillus reuteri and their potential application in surface decontamination of red meat. Lwt 2024;209:116758.
    doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2024.116758google scholar: lookup
  36. Humam AM, Loh TC, Foo HL, Izuddin WI, Awad EA, Idrus Z, Samsudin AA, Mustapha NM. Dietary Supplementation of Postbiotics Mitigates Adverse Impacts of Heat Stress on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity, Total Antioxidant, Lipid Peroxidation, Physiological Stress Indicators, Lipid Profile and Meat Quality in Broilers. Animals 2020;10:982.
    doi: 10.3390/ani10060982pmc: PMC7341226pubmed: 32516896google scholar: lookup
  37. Tong Y, Guo H, Abbas Z, Zhang J, Wang J, Cheng Q, Peng S, Yang T, Bai T, Zhou Y. Optimizing postbiotic production through solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens J and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SN4 enhances antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Front. Microbiol. 2023;14:1229952.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1229952pmc: PMC10512978pubmed: 37744928google scholar: lookup
  38. Guerrero-Encinas I, Gonzalez-Gonzalez JN, Santiago-Lopez L, Muhlia-Almazan A, Garcia HS, Mazorra-Manzano MA, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Gonzalez-Cordova AF, Hernandez-Mendoza A. Protective Effect of Lacticaseibacillus casei CRL 431 Postbiotics on Mitochondrial Function and Oxidative Status in Rats with Aflatoxin B(1)-Induced Oxidative Stress. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins 2021;13:1033–1043.
    doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09747-xpubmed: 33512646google scholar: lookup
  39. Papatsiros VG, Eliopoulos C, Voulgarakis N, Arapoglou D, Riahi I, Sadurní M, Papakonstantinou GI. Effects of a Multi-Component Mycotoxin-Detoxifying Agent on Oxidative Stress, Health and Performance of Sows. Toxins 2023;15:580.
    doi: 10.3390/toxins15090580pmc: PMC10537862pubmed: 37756006google scholar: lookup
  40. Lee Y-J, Choi J-H, Kang K-K, Sung S-E, Lee S, Sung M, Seo M-S, Park J-H. Antioxidant and Antimelanogenic Activities of Lactobacillus kunkeei NCHBL-003 Isolated from Honeybees. Microorganisms 2024;12:188.
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12010188pmc: PMC10818717pubmed: 38258014google scholar: lookup
  41. Yan H, Xing Q, Xiao X, Yu B, He J, Mao X, Yu J, Zheng P, Luo Y, Wu A. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Postbiotics and Essential Oil on Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Weanling Pigs During K88 ETEC Infection. J. Anim. Sci. 2024;102:skae007.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skae007pmc: PMC11087729pubmed: 38198728google scholar: lookup
  42. Osman A, El-Gazzar N, Almanaa TN, El-Hadary A, Sitohy M. Lipolytic Postbiotic from Lactobacillus paracasei Manages Metabolic Syndrome in Albino Wistar Rats. Molecules 2021;26:472.
    doi: 10.3390/molecules26020472pmc: PMC7831067pubmed: 33477482google scholar: lookup
  43. Yu Z, Hao Q, Liu SB, Zhang QS, Chen XY, Li SH, Ran C, Yang YL, Teame T, Zhang Z. The positive effects of postbiotic (SWF concentration®) supplemented diet on skin mucus, liver, gut health, the structure and function of gut microbiota of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with high-fat diet. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2023;135:108681.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108681pubmed: 36921883google scholar: lookup
  44. Wang J, Zhang J, Guo H, Cheng Q, Abbas Z, Tong Y, Yang T, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Wei X. Optimization of Exopolysaccharide Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum R301 and Its Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Foods 2023;12:2481.
    doi: 10.3390/foods12132481pmc: PMC10340397pubmed: 37444218google scholar: lookup
  45. Aliouche N, Sifour M, Kebsa W, Ouled-Haddar H. Exploring the hepatoprotective potential of the probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum E1K2R2 and its exopolysaccharide-postbiotic on ibuprofen-induced acute liver injury in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 2025;398:3079–3091.
    doi: 10.1007/s00210-024-03486-wpubmed: 39333280google scholar: lookup
  46. Zhang A, Li D, Yu T, Zhang M, Cui Y, Wang H, Dong T, Wu Y. Multi-Omics Approach to Evaluate Effects of Dietary Sodium Butyrate on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Function and Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Adult Ragdoll Cats. Metabolites 2025;15:120.
    doi: 10.3390/metabo15020120pmc: PMC11857798pubmed: 39997745google scholar: lookup
  47. Itoh T, Miyazono D, Sugata H, Mori C, Takahata M. Anti-inflammatory effects of heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis BBLB001 on a gut inflammation co-culture cell model and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2024;143:113408.
    doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113408pubmed: 39461236google scholar: lookup
  48. Feng C, Zhang W, Zhang T, He Q, Kwok L.Y, Tan Y, Zhang H. Heat-Killed Bifidobacterium bifidum B1628 May Alleviate Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice, and the Anti-Inflammatory Effect Is Associated with Gut Microbiota Modulation. Nutrients 2022;14:5233.
    doi: 10.3390/nu14245233pmc: PMC9784753pubmed: 36558391google scholar: lookup
  49. Jin Y, Wu J, Huang K, Liang Z. Heat-Killed Saccharomyces boulardii Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by Restoring the Intestinal Barrier, Reducing Inflammation, and Modulating the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2024;16:702.
    doi: 10.3390/nu16050702pmc: PMC10934832pubmed: 38474831google scholar: lookup
  50. Layus B.I., Gerez C.L., Rodriguez A.V.. Development of an ophthalmic formulation with a postbiotic of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL 759. Benef. Microbes 2022;13:417–426.
    doi: 10.3920/BM2022.0044pubmed: 36377582google scholar: lookup
  51. Li S, Yang H, Jin Y, Hao Q, Liu S, Ding Q, Yao Y, Yang Y, Ran C, Wu C. Dietary cultured supernatant mixture of Cetobacterium somerae and Lactococcus lactis improved liver and gut health, and gut microbiota homeostasis of zebrafish fed with high-fat diet. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2023;142:109139.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109139pubmed: 37821002google scholar: lookup
  52. Yu Y, Zhou M, Sadiq F.A., Hu P, Gao F, Wang J, Liu A, Liu Y, Wu H, Zhang G. Comparison of the effects of three sourdough postbiotics on high-fat diet-induced intestinal damage. Food Funct. 2024;15:9053–9069.
    doi: 10.1039/D4FO02948Hpubmed: 39162079google scholar: lookup
  53. Lim J.J., Jung A.H., Joo Suh H., Choi H.S., Kim H. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K8-based paraprobiotics prevents obesity and obesity-induced inflammatory responses in high fat diet-fed mice. Food Res. Int. 2022;155:111066.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111066pubmed: 35400444google scholar: lookup
  54. Chen Y, Zhu F, Yu G, Peng N, Li X, Ge M, Yang L, Dong W. Bifidobacterium bifidum postbiotics prevent Salmonella Pullorum infection in chickens by modulating pyroptosis and enhancing gut health. Poult. Sci. 2025;104:104968.
    doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2025.104968pmc: PMC11927735pubmed: 40043668google scholar: lookup
  55. Xu X, Wu J, Jin Y, Huang K, Zhang Y, Liang Z. Both Saccharomyces boulardii and Its Postbiotics Alleviate Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice, Association with Modulating Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota. Nutrients 2023;15:1484.
    doi: 10.3390/nu15061484pmc: PMC10055518pubmed: 36986214google scholar: lookup
  56. Kwon M, Lee J, Park S, Kwon O.H., Seo J, Roh S. Exopolysaccharide Isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum L-14 Has Anti-Inflammatory Effects via the Toll-Like Receptor 4 Pathway in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:9283.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms21239283pmc: PMC7730553pubmed: 33291425google scholar: lookup
  57. Bobowska A, Granica S, Filipek A, Melzig M.F., Moeslinger T, Zentek J, Kruk A, Piwowarski J.P. Comparative studies of urolithins and their phase II metabolites on macrophage and neutrophil functions. Eur. J. Nutr. 2021;60:1957–1972.
    doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02386-ypmc: PMC8137622pubmed: 32960290google scholar: lookup
  58. Li Y, Yang S, Lun J, Gao J, Gao X, Gong Z, Wan Y, He X, Cao H. Inhibitory Effects of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Effector Protein HM0539 on Inflammatory Response Through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-small ka, CyrillicB Axis. Front. Immunol. 2020;11:551449.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.551449pmc: PMC7573360pubmed: 33123130google scholar: lookup
  59. Chang H.M., Foo H.L., Loh T.C., Lim E.T.C., Abdul Mutalib N.E.. Comparative Studies of Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities, and Organic Acids Compositions of Postbiotics Produced by Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains Isolated From Malaysian Foods. Front. Vet. Sci. 2020;7:602280.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.602280pmc: PMC7870707pubmed: 33575277google scholar: lookup
  60. Isaac S.L., Abdul Malek A.Z., Hazif N.S., Roslan F.S., Mohd Hashim A., Song A.A., Abdul Rahim R., Wan Nur Ismah W.A.K.. Genome mining of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PA21: Insights into its antimicrobial potential. BMC Genom. 2024;25:571.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-024-10451-7pmc: PMC11157852pubmed: 38844835google scholar: lookup
  61. Incili G.K., Karatepe P., Akgol M., Gungoren A., Koluman A., Ilhak O.I., Kanmaz H., Kaya B., Hayaloglu A.A.. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria postbiotics, evaluation in-vitro antibacterial effect, microbial and chemical quality on chicken drumsticks.. Food Microbiol. 2022;104:104001.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104001pubmed: 35287820google scholar: lookup
  62. Shafipour Yordshahi A., Moradi M., Tajik H., Molaei R.. Design and preparation of antimicrobial meat wrapping nanopaper with bacterial cellulose and postbiotics of lactic acid bacteria.. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2020;321:108561.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108561pubmed: 32078868google scholar: lookup
  63. Laird T., Jordan D., Pluske J., Mansfield J., Wilkinson S., Cadogan D., Abraham S., O’Dea M.. Development of an In Vivo Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli Model in Post-Weaned Pigs and Its Use in Assessment of Dietary Interventions.. Animals 2023;1:959.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13060959pmc: PMC10044249pubmed: 36978499google scholar: lookup
  64. Zabolyova N., Laukova A., Pogany Simonova M.. Susceptibility to postbiotics—Enterocins of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from rabbits.. Vet. Res. Commun. 2024;48:1449–1457.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-024-10323-1pmc: PMC11147817pubmed: 38324077google scholar: lookup
  65. Li Y., Zhen S., Cao L., Sun F., Wang L.. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Postbiotics on Growth Performance, Immune Status, and Intestinal Microflora of Growing Minks.. Animals 2023;13:2958.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13182958pmc: PMC10526065pubmed: 37760358google scholar: lookup
  66. Lu S., Xu J., Zhao Z., Guo Y., Zhang H., Jurutka P.W., Huang D., Cao C., Cheng S.. Dietary Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG extracellular vesicles enhance antiprogrammed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1) immunotherapy efficacy against colorectal cancer.. Food Funct. 2023;14:10314–10328.
    doi: 10.1039/D3FO02018Epubmed: 37916395google scholar: lookup
  67. Martinez-Ruiz S., Saez-Fuertes L., Casanova-Crespo S., Rodriguez-Lagunas M.J., Perez-Cano F.J., Badia J., Baldoma L.. Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Immunity and Intestinal Maturation in Suckling Rats.. Nutrients 2023;15:4701.
    doi: 10.3390/nu15214701pmc: PMC10649425pubmed: 37960354google scholar: lookup
  68. Jung Y.J., Kim H.S., Jaygal G., Cho H.R., Lee K.B., Song I.B., Kim J.H., Kwak M.S., Han K.H., Bae M.J.. Postbiotics Enhance NK Cell Activation in Stress-Induced Mice through Gut Microbiome Regulation.. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2022;32:612–620.
    doi: 10.4014/jmb.2111.11027pmc: PMC9628878pubmed: 35283424google scholar: lookup
  69. Mi X.J., Tran T.H.M., Park H.R., Xu X.Y., Subramaniyam S., Choi H.S., Kim J., Koh S.C., Kim Y.J.. Immune-enhancing effects of postbiotic produced by Bacillus velezensis Kh2-2 isolated from Korea Foods.. Food Res. Int. 2022;152:110911.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110911pubmed: 35181083google scholar: lookup
  70. Humam A.M., Loh T.C., Foo H.L., Samsudin A.A., Mustapha N.M., Zulkifli I., Izuddin W.I.. Effects of Feeding Different Postbiotics Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on Growth Performance, Carcass Yield, Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota Composition, Immune Status, and Growth Gene Expression in Broilers under Heat Stress.. Animals 2019;9:644.
    doi: 10.3390/ani9090644pmc: PMC6770893pubmed: 31480791google scholar: lookup
  71. Ballantyne R., Lee J.W., Wang S.T., Lin J.S., Tseng D.Y., Liao Y.C., Chang H.T., Lee T.Y., Liu C.H.. Dietary administration of a postbiotic, heat-killed Pediococcus pentosaceus PP4012 enhances growth performance, immune response and modulates intestinal microbiota of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei.. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2023;139:108882.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108882pubmed: 37279829google scholar: lookup
  72. Chaney E., Miller E.A., Firman J., Binnebose A., Kuttappan V., Johnson T.J.. Effects of a postbiotic, with and without a saponin-based product, on turkey performance.. Poult. Sci. 2023;102:102607.
    doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102607pmc: PMC10036732pubmed: 36933527google scholar: lookup
  73. Monika M., Tyagi J.S., Sonale N., Biswas A., Murali D., Sky, Tiwari A.K., Rokade J.J.. Evaluating the efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus derived postbiotics on growth metrics, Health, and Gut Integrity in broiler chickens.. Sci. Rep. 2024;14:24768.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-74078-0pmc: PMC11494069pubmed: 39433775google scholar: lookup
  74. Guan L., Hu A., Ma S., Liu J., Yao X., Ye T., Han M., Yang C., Zhang R., Xiao X.. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum postbiotic protects against Salmonella infection in broilers via modulating NLRP3 inflammasome and gut microbiota.. Poult. Sci. 2024;103:103483.
    doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103483pmc: PMC10875300pubmed: 38354474google scholar: lookup
  75. Jansseune S.C.G., Lammers A., van Baal J., Blanc F., van der Laan M.P., Calenge F., Hendriks W.H.. Diet composition influences probiotic and postbiotic effects on broiler growth and physiology.. Poult. Sci. 2024;103:103650.
    doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103650pmc: PMC10998222pubmed: 38555756google scholar: lookup
  76. Abd El-Ghany W.A., Abdel-Latif M.A., Hosny F., Alatfeehy N.M., Noreldin A.E., Quesnell R.R., Chapman R., Sakai L., Elbestawy A.R.. Comparative efficacy of postbiotic, probiotic, and antibiotic against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.. Poult. Sci. 2022;101:101988.
    doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101988pmc: PMC9272375pubmed: 35809347google scholar: lookup
  77. Dong B., Calik A., Blue C.E.C., Dalloul R.A.. Impact of early postbiotic supplementation on broilers’ responses to subclinical necrotic enteritis.. Poult. Sci. 2024;103:104420.
    doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104420pmc: PMC11539447pubmed: 39454532google scholar: lookup
  78. Alagbe E.O., Schulze H., Adeola O.. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, cecal mucosal cytokines and serum antioxidant responses of broiler chickens to dietary enzymatically treated yeast and coccidia challenge.. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2023;14:57.
    doi: 10.1186/s40104-023-00846-zpmc: PMC10084602pubmed: 37038240google scholar: lookup
  79. Fang S., Fan X., Xu S., Gao S., Wang T., Chen Z., Li D.. Effects of dietary supplementation of postbiotic derived from Bacillus subtilis ACCC 11025 on growth performance, meat yield, meat quality, excreta bacteria, and excreta ammonia emission of broiler chicks.. Poult. Sci. 2024;103:103444.
    doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103444pmc: PMC10951546pubmed: 38489886google scholar: lookup
  80. Kudupoje M.B., Malathi V., Yiannikouris A.. Impact of a Natural Fusarial Multi-Mycotoxin Challenge on Broiler Chickens and Mitigation Properties Provided by a Yeast Cell Wall Extract and a Postbiotic Yeast Cell Wall-Based Blend.. Toxins 2022;14:315.
    doi: 10.3390/toxins14050315pmc: PMC9145611pubmed: 35622561google scholar: lookup
  81. Abd El-Ghany W.A., Fouad H., Quesnell R., Sakai L.. The effect of a postbiotic produced by stabilized non-viable Lactobacilli on the health, growth performance, immunity, and gut status of colisepticaemic broiler chickens.. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2022;54:286.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-022-03300-wpmc: PMC9463281pubmed: 36083376google scholar: lookup
  82. Ribeiro G.C., Mogollon-Garcia H.D., Moraes A.C.I., Dias G.S., Viana G.B., Milbradt E.L., Andreatti-Filho R.L., Okamoto A.S.. Research Note: The effects of a Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 15009-derived postbiotic mitigating Salmonella Gallinarum colonization in commercial layer chicks.. Poult. Sci. 2023;102:103095.
    doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103095pmc: PMC10568553pubmed: 37832187google scholar: lookup
  83. Johnson C.N., Kogut M.H., Genovese K., He H., Kazemi S., Arsenault R.J.. Administration of a Postbiotic Causes Immunomodulatory Responses in Broiler Gut and Reduces Disease Pathogenesis Following Challenge.. Microorganisms 2019;7:268.
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7080268pmc: PMC6723925pubmed: 31426502google scholar: lookup
  84. Gingerich E., Frana T., Logue C.M., Smith D.P., Pavlidis H.O., Chaney W.E.. Effect of Feeding a Postbiotic Derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation as a Preharvest Food Safety Hurdle for Reducing Salmonella Enteritidis in the Ceca of Layer Pullets.. J. Food Prot. 2021;84:275–280.
    doi: 10.4315/JFP-20-330pubmed: 32977331google scholar: lookup
  85. Vicente F., Campo-Celada M., Menendez-Miranda M., Garcia-Rodriguez J., Martinez-Fernandez A.. Effect of Postbiotic Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility and Milk Yield during the Transition Period in Dairy Cows.. Animals 2024;14:2359.
    doi: 10.3390/ani14162359pmc: PMC11350806pubmed: 39199893google scholar: lookup
  86. Rius A.G., Kaufman J.D., Li M.M., Hanigan M.D., Ipharraguerre I.R.. Physiological responses of Holstein calves to heat stress and dietary supplementation with a postbiotic from Aspergillus oryzae.. Sci. Rep. 2022;12:1587.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05505-3pmc: PMC8799720pubmed: 35091685google scholar: lookup
  87. Thomas M., Serrenho R.C., Puga S.O., Torres J.M., Puga S.O., Stangaferro M.. Effect of feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product to Holstein cows exposed to high temperature and humidity conditions on milk production performance and efficiency-A pen-level trial.. J. Dairy Sci. 2023;106:4650–4665.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2022-22516pubmed: 37268565google scholar: lookup
  88. Coleman D.N., Jiang Q., Lopes M.G., Ritt L., Liang Y., Aboragah A., Trevisi E., Yoon I., Loor J.J.. Feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product before and during a feed restriction challenge on milk production, plasma biomarkers, and immune function in Holstein cows.. J. Anim. Sci. 2023;101:skad019.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skad019pmc: PMC9992451pubmed: 36640135google scholar: lookup
  89. Dai D., Kong F., Han H., Shi W., Song H., Yoon I., Wang S., Liu X., Lu N., Wang W.. Effects of postbiotic products from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation on lactation performance, antioxidant capacity, and blood immunity in transition dairy cows.. J. Dairy Sci. 2024;107:10584–10598.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2023-24435pubmed: 39004128google scholar: lookup
  90. Henige M., Anklam K., Aviles M., Buettner J., Henschel S., Yoon I., Wheeler J., Dawson G., McGill J., Dopfer D.. The Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product Supplementation on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Holstein Friesian Cattle Experimentally Inoculated with Digital Dermatitis.. Animals 2024;14:3260.
    doi: 10.3390/ani14223260pmc: PMC11591135pubmed: 39595313google scholar: lookup
  91. Maina TW, McDonald PO, Rani Samuel BE, Sardi MI, Yoon I, Rogers A, McGill JL. Feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation postbiotic products alters immune function and the lung transcriptome of preweaning calves with an experimental viral-bacterial coinfection.. J. Dairy Sci. 2024;107:2253–2267.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2023-23866pubmed: 37806633google scholar: lookup
  92. Odunfa OA, Dhungana A, Huang Z, Yoon I, Jiang Y. Effects of a liquid and dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product feeding program on ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, and plasma metabolome of Holstein steers receiving a grain-based diet.. J. Anim. Sci. 2024;102:skae223.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skae223pmc: PMC11405127pubmed: 39096210google scholar: lookup
  93. Abbasi A, Hashemi M, Pourjafar H, Hosseini H. Malva neglecta seed polysaccharide mucilage coating enriched by the Lactobacillus brevis TD4 postbiotics: A promising strategy to promote the shelf life of fresh beef.. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2024;280:135789.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135789pubmed: 39304039google scholar: lookup
  94. Zheng X, Nie W, Xu J, Zhang H, Liang X, Chen Z. Characterization of antifungal cyclic dipeptides of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei ZX1231 and active packaging film prepared with its cell-free supernatant and bacterial nanocellulose.. Food Res. Int. 2022;162:112024.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112024pubmed: 36461308google scholar: lookup
  95. Kim SW, Duarte ME. Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics supplemented in feeds for sows and growing pigs for its impact on growth performance of offspring and growing pigs in commercial farm environments.. Anim. Biosci. 2024;37:1463–1473.
    doi: 10.5713/ab.23.0467pmc: PMC11222863pubmed: 38419538google scholar: lookup
  96. Duarte ME, Kim SW. Efficacy of Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics on cell turnover, immune responses, and oxidative stress in the jejunal mucosa of young pigs.. Sci. Rep. 2024;14:19235.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-70399-2pmc: PMC11336137pubmed: 39164530google scholar: lookup
  97. Hung PHS, Thi Dung H, Thao LD, Van Chao N, Thi Hoa N, Thi Hien B, Mondal A, Nsereko V, Phung LD. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation-derived postbiotics supplementation in sows and piglets’ diet on intestinal morphology, and intestinal barrier function in weaned pigs in an intensive pig production system.. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2025;283:110934.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110934pubmed: 40187222google scholar: lookup
  98. Xu S, Jia X, Liu Y, Pan X, Chang J, Wei W, Lu P, Petry D, Che L, Jiang X. Effects of yeast-derived postbiotic supplementation in late gestation and lactation diets on performance, milk quality, and immune function in lactating sows.. J. Anim. Sci. 2023;101:skad201.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skad201pmc: PMC10294553pubmed: 37330668google scholar: lookup
  99. Gormley AR, Duarte ME, Deng Z, Kim SW. Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics mitigate mucosal damages from F18(+) Escherichia coli challenges by positively balancing the mucosal microbiota in the jejunum of young pigs.. Anim. Microbiome. 2024;6:73.
    doi: 10.1186/s42523-024-00363-ypmc: PMC11662450pubmed: 39707576google scholar: lookup
  100. Cherrington T, Jordan D, Pluske J, Mansfield J, Lugsomya K, Wilkinson S, Cadogan D, Abraham S, O’Dea M. Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces fermentation products impact performance and the fecal microbiome in weanling pigs inoculated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.. J. Anim. Sci. 2025;103:skae394.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skae394pmc: PMC11842899pubmed: 39841163google scholar: lookup
  101. Duarte ME, Deng Z, Kim SW. Effects of dietary Lactobacillus postbiotics and bacitracin on the modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota and pattern recognition receptors affecting immunocompetence of jejunal mucosa in pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic F18(+) Escherichia coli.. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2024;15:139.
    doi: 10.1186/s40104-024-01098-1pmc: PMC11468193pubmed: 39390608google scholar: lookup
  102. Zhang Z, Guo Q, Wang J, Tan H, Jin X, Fan Y, Liu J, Zhao S, Zheng J, Peng N. Postbiotics from Pichia kudriavzevii promote intestinal health performance through regulation of Limosilactobacillus reuteri in weaned piglets.. Food Funct. 2023;14:3463–3474.
    doi: 10.1039/D2FO03695Apubmed: 36912248google scholar: lookup
  103. Xu X, Duarte ME, Kim SW. Postbiotic effects of Lactobacillus fermentate on intestinal health, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth efficiency of nursery pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli.. J. Anim. Sci. 2022;100:skac210.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skac210pmc: PMC9387594pubmed: 35666999google scholar: lookup
  104. Sun D, Tong W, Han S, Wu M, Li P, Li Y, Liang Y. Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri Postbiotics on Growth Performance, Intestinal Flora Structure and Plasma Metabolome of Weaned Piglets.. Animals. 2025;15:204.
    doi: 10.3390/ani15020204pmc: PMC11759139pubmed: 39858204google scholar: lookup
  105. Abrehame S, Hung MY, Chen YY, Liu YT, Chen YT, Liu FC, Lin YC, Chen YP. Selection of Fermentation Supernatant from Probiotic Strains Exhibiting Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Protective Ability and Evaluation of Their Effects on Colitis Mouse and Weaned Piglet Models.. Nutrients. 2024;16:1138.
    doi: 10.3390/nu16081138pmc: PMC11053620pubmed: 38674829google scholar: lookup
  106. Maidana LG, Gerez J, Hohmann MNS, Verri WA Jr, Bracarense A. Lactobacillus plantarum metabolites reduce deoxynivalenol toxicity on jejunal explants of piglets.. Toxicon 2021;203:12–21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.09.023pubmed: 34600911google scholar: lookup
  107. Papatsiros VG, Papakonstantinou GI, Voulgarakis N, Eliopoulos C, Marouda C, Meletis E, Valasi I, Kostoulas P, Arapoglou D, Riahi I. Effects of a Curcumin/Silymarin/Yeast-Based Mycotoxin Detoxifier on Redox Status and Growth Performance of Weaned Piglets under Field Conditions.. Toxins 2024;16:168.
    doi: 10.3390/toxins16040168pmc: PMC11054618pubmed: 38668593google scholar: lookup
  108. Bravo M, Goncalves P, Garcia-Jimenez W, Montero MJ, Cerrato R, Fernandez-Llario P, Risco D. Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria-Derived Postbiotic Supplementation on Tuberculosis in Wild Boar Populations.. Pathogens 2024;13:1078.
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens13121078pmc: PMC11728476pubmed: 39770338google scholar: lookup
  109. Wu Y, Hu A, Shu X, Huang W, Zhang R, Xu Y, Yang C. Lactobacillus plantarum postbiotics trigger AMPK-dependent autophagy to suppress Salmonella intracellular infection and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.. J. Cell. Physiol. 2023;238:1336–1353.
    doi: 10.1002/jcp.31016pubmed: 37052047google scholar: lookup
  110. Duysburgh C, Nicolas C, Van den Broeck M, Lloret F, Monginoux P, Reme C, Marzorati M. A specific blend of prebiotics and postbiotics improved the gut microbiome of dogs with soft stools in the in vitro Simulator of the Canine Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem.. J. Anim. Sci. 2025;103:skaf056.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skaf056pmc: PMC11971633pubmed: 40036370google scholar: lookup
  111. Bela B, Coman MM, Verdenelli MC, Gramenzi A, Pignataro G, Fiorini D, Silvi S. In Vitro Assessment of Postbiotic and Probiotic Commercial Dietary Supplements Recommended for Counteracting Intestinal Dysbiosis in Dogs.. Vet. Sci. 2024;11:19.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci11010019pmc: PMC10819328pubmed: 38250925google scholar: lookup
  112. Wambacq WA, Apper E, Le Bourgot C, Barbe F, Lyu Y, Pelst M, Broeckx BJG, Devriendt B, Cox E, Hesta M. A new combination of a prebiotic and postbiotic mitigates immunosenescence in vaccinated healthy senior dogs.. Front. Vet. Sci. 2024;11:1392985.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1392985pmc: PMC11616177pubmed: 39634761google scholar: lookup
  113. Cauquil M, Olivry T. Immunomodulating Effects of Heat-Killed Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Healthy Dogs.. Vet. Sci. 2025;12:226.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12030226pmc: PMC11946048pubmed: 40266946google scholar: lookup
  114. Wilson SM, Oba PM, Applegate CC, Koziol SA, Panasevich MR, Norton SA, Swanson KS. Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product-supplemented diet on fecal characteristics, oxidative stress, and blood gene expression of adult dogs undergoing transport stress.. J. Anim. Sci. 2023;101:skac378.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skac378pmc: PMC9838799pubmed: 36373401google scholar: lookup
  115. Koziol SA, Oba PM, Soto-Diaz K, Steelman AJ, Suchodolski JS, Eckhardt ERM, Swanson KS. Effects of a Lactobacillus fermentation product on the fecal characteristics, fecal microbial populations, immune function, and stress markers of adult dogs.. J. Anim. Sci. 2023;101:skad160.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skad160pmc: PMC10237232pubmed: 37208000google scholar: lookup
  116. Kayser E, He F, Nixon S, Howard-Varona A, Lamelas A, Martinez-Blanch J, Chenoll E, Davenport GM, de Godoy MRC. Effects of supplementation of live and heat-treated Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis CECT 8145 on glycemic and insulinemic response, fecal microbiota, systemic biomarkers of inflammation, and white blood cell gene expression of adult dogs.. J. Anim. Sci. 2024;102:skae291.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skae291pmc: PMC11525486pubmed: 39320367google scholar: lookup
  117. de Souza Junior SM, de Godoy MRC. 203 The Effects of Daily Supplementation of Selected Probiotic and Postbiotic on the Microbiome of Adult Cats.. J. Anim. Sci. 2023;101:109.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skad281.133google scholar: lookup
  118. de Oliveira Matheus LF, Risolia LW, Ernandes MC, de Souza JM, Oba PM, Vendramini THA, Pedrinelli V, Henriquez LBF, de Oliveira Massoco C, Pontieri CFF. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall addition on feed digestibility, fecal fermentation and microbiota and immunological parameters in adult cats.. BMC Vet. Res. 2021;17:351.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-03049-8pmc: PMC8596940pubmed: 34784923google scholar: lookup
  119. Ganda E, Chakrabarti A, Sardi MI, Tench M, Kozlowicz BK, Norton SA, Warren LK, Khafipour E. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product improves robustness of equine gut microbiome upon stress.. Front. Vet. Sci. 2023;10:1134092.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1134092pmc: PMC9998945pubmed: 36908513google scholar: lookup
  120. Lucassen A, Hankel J, Finkler-Schade C, Osbelt L, Strowig T, Visscher C, Schuberth HJ. Feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product (Olimond BB) Does Not Alter the Fecal Microbiota of Thoroughbred Racehorses.. Animals 2022;12:1496.
    doi: 10.3390/ani12121496pmc: PMC9219515pubmed: 35739833google scholar: lookup
  121. Terpeluk ER, Schafer J, Finkler-Schade C, Schuberth HJ. Supplementation of Foals with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product Alters the Early Response to Vaccination.. Animals 2024;14:960.
    doi: 10.3390/ani14060960pmc: PMC10967450pubmed: 38540058google scholar: lookup
  122. Lucassen A, Finkler-Schade C, Schuberth HJ. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product (Olimond BB) Alters the Early Response after Influenza Vaccination in Racehorses.. Animals 2021;11:2726.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11092726pmc: PMC8466050pubmed: 34573692google scholar: lookup
  123. Kraft S, Buchenauer L, Polte T. Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22:12269.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms222212269pmc: PMC8619365pubmed: 34830149google scholar: lookup
  124. Duguid J, Duggan M, Gough J. The Toxicity of Irradiated Ergosterol.. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 1930;33:353–362.
    doi: 10.1002/path.1700330215google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,132 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.