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Frontiers in veterinary science2025; 12; 1663577; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1663577

Progress in serology and molecular biology of equine parasite diagnosis: sustainable control strategies.

Abstract: Internal parasitic infections are a persistent challenge for horse owners, in the absence of effective vaccines and the growing challenge of drug resistance, leading many researchers to view current control strategies as unsustainable. Despite slow progress over the past two decades, effective parasitic diagnosis remains crucial for controlling infections and preventing the growing issue of drug resistance. This review examines the research progress in serological and molecular biological diagnostic methods for major equine parasites. Currently, most diagnostic techniques are based on genes such as ITS1, ITS2, COI, and IGS, which have been applied to equine strongylids, including spp., spp., and spp. These methods are particularly suitable for large-scale epidemiological studies and rapid species identification. Although many diagnostic methods have been developed, most remain confined to laboratory research and have seldom been used for real-time field diagnostics. Future research should prioritize precise diagnostic methods and clinically applicable alternatives. Additionally, whole genome sequencing has been widely used in eukaryotes for population genetics and the development of diagnostic markers. However, comprehensive genomic data on parasitic species infecting equines is still limited. With the decrease in sequencing costs in the post-genomic era, a growing number of genome assemblies are expected to be released soon. These genome maps will offer comprehensive genomic data to identify specific genetic markers and variations associated with parasitic infections, enabling more accurate and reliable diagnostic techniques. High-throughput sequencing technologies will significantly accelerate progress in equine parasitology research and the development of diagnostic tools like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR). At the same time, this paper also provides some insights into the research direction of sustainable control programs and equine parasite diagnostic methods.
Copyright © 2025 Wang, Chen, Yan, Su, Gao, Liu and Wang.
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Publication Date: 2025-09-04 PubMed ID: 40979365PubMed Central: PMC12443559DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1663577Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This article reviews the advances in serological and molecular biological techniques for diagnosing parasitic infections in horses.
  • It highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis for sustainable parasite control, considering current challenges such as drug resistance and the lack of effective vaccines.

Introduction to the Problem

  • Internal parasitic infections in horses are a significant and ongoing problem for horse owners worldwide.
  • The absence of effective vaccines makes prevention difficult.
  • Increasing resistance to antiparasitic drugs complicates treatment and control efforts.
  • Traditional control strategies are considered unsustainable in the long term.
  • Hence, precise and effective diagnostic methods are essential to manage infections and limit drug resistance.

Current Diagnostic Methods

  • Diagnostic techniques predominantly rely on molecular markers from parasite DNA sequences.
  • Commonly used genetic loci include:
    • ITS1 (Internal Transcribed Spacer 1)
    • ITS2 (Internal Transcribed Spacer 2)
    • COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I)
    • IGS (Intergenic Spacer)
  • These markers have been applied extensively for identifying equine strongylids, which include several important species causing infection.
  • Molecular methods enable:
    • Rapid and accurate species identification.
    • Large-scale epidemiological surveillance.
  • Serological methods like ELISA are also under development or use, providing immunological detection of parasitic infections.
  • Despite the development of these tools, many remain restricted to laboratory settings and are not yet widely adapted for real-time or field use.

Challenges and Limitations

  • Limited translation of sophisticated diagnostic methods into practical field applications.
  • Incomplete genomic data for many parasitic species infecting horses restricts the discovery of novel markers.
  • Slow progress over two decades in improving control due to technical, economic, and logistical barriers.

Future Directions and Opportunities

  • Advancements in whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies are opening new opportunities:
    • WGS can be used for detailed population genetics studies of parasites.
    • Provides comprehensive data for identifying unique genetic markers associated with infection or resistance traits.
    • WGS aids the development of novel diagnostic tools with high sensitivity and specificity.
  • Cost reductions in sequencing are accelerating genome assembly projects, which will increase available data on equine parasites.
  • High-throughput sequencing platforms enable:
    • Faster pathogen detection.
    • Quantitative assays such as TaqMan qPCR for precise parasite load measurement.
    • Immunoassays like ELISA for serological diagnosis.
  • Integration of molecular diagnostics with sustainable parasite control strategies is a priority:
    • Early and accurate detection facilitates targeted treatment.
    • Helps reduce indiscriminate drug use and delays resistance.
    • Supports design of better control programs adapted to field conditions.

Conclusion

  • Effective and sustainable control of equine parasitic infections hinges on advanced, reliable diagnostic methods.
  • Current molecular markers and serological tools have improved identification but need adaptation for field use.
  • The coming surge in genomic data and high-throughput techniques is expected to revolutionize diagnostics and enhance sustainable parasite management.
  • The review emphasizes ongoing research efforts and encourages future focus on clinically applicable diagnostics and sustainable control solutions in equine parasitology.

Cite This Article

APA
Wang T, Chen X, Yan X, Su Y, Gao W, Liu C, Wang W. (2025). Progress in serology and molecular biology of equine parasite diagnosis: sustainable control strategies. Front Vet Sci, 12, 1663577. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1663577

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Pages: 1663577
PII: 1663577

Researcher Affiliations

Wang, Tengyu
  • Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
Chen, Xindi
  • Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
Yan, Xu
  • National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
Su, Ya
  • Department of Husbandry and Veterinary, Ulanqab Vocational College, Ulanqab, China.
Gao, Wa
  • Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Tick-Borne Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Hetao College, Bavan Nur, China.
Liu, Chunxia
  • Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
Wang, Wenlong
  • Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
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