FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Protein Source and Intake Effects on Diet Digestibility and ...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(12); 3568; doi: 10.3390/ani11123568

Protein Source and Intake Effects on Diet Digestibility and N Excretion in Horses-A Risk of Environmental N Load of Horses.

Abstract: Six Finnhorse mares were used in a digestibility trial, in which six typical horse diets were compared. The diets were: (A) haylage 100%; (B) hay 100%; (C) hay 70% and oats 30%; (D) hay 70% and soybean meal + oats 30%; (E) hay 70%, rapeseed meal + oats 30% and (F) hay 70 %, linseed meal + oats 30%. The trial was conducted according to an unbalanced 6 × 4 Latin square design with four 3-week experimental periods. The experimental period consisted of 17-day preliminary feeding which was followed by a 4-day total faecal and urine collection periods to evaluate N excretion. The digestibilities of DM ( < 0.001) and OM ( < 0.001) in the haylage-only diet were lower compared to the other diets. The supplemental protein feeds improved the diet digestibility of CP ( = 0.002) compared to a hay + oats diet. Furthermore, the DM ( = 0.019), OM ( = 0.006), and CP ( = 0.016) digestibilities of the soya-supplemented diet were better than those of the rapeseed- and linseed-supplemented diets. Faecal excretion was greater for haylage (19.3 kg fresh faeces and 3.6 kg DM/day) and hay (18.7 kg fresh faeces and 3.6 kg DM/day) diets ( < 0.001) compared with the other diets. Urine excretion was also greater for forage-only diets compared with diets including protein supplements. Horses excreted 14.0 L urine/day on haylage-only diet ( = 0.026) and 14.3 L/day on a hay-only diet ( = 0.003). Horses excreted more nitrogen in their urine than in dung. N excretion differed between the diets. Horses on a haylage-only diet excreted 51.6 g N in faeces/day and on hay-only diet 51.4 g N/day. On the other hand, when protein content in forages increased, N excretion via urine increased (haylage vs. dried hay). Horses excreted less N in urine with hay-only diet than with haylage-only or protein-supplemented diets ( < 0.001). When N excreted in faeces and urine was counted together, horses excreted less N with a hay-only diet ( < 0.001) than with a supplemented one (oats and/or protein feeds). The results showed that feed choices affected the amount of nitrogen excreted. Feeding recommendations should consider not only the horse category and work level, but also the protein source. When good quality protein is fed, smaller N intakes can be applied to reduce the N excretion via urine and dung. At the farm level, improved understanding of feed quality, as well as feeding planning and practices, is a way to decrease the risk of N leaching and evaporation.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-12-15 PubMed ID: 34944342PubMed Central: PMC8697880DOI: 10.3390/ani11123568Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper investigates the effects of different sources and amounts of protein in horse feed on the digestibility of their diet and the amount of nitrogen they excrete. Researchers used six mares for the study and applied six different dietary regimes. The findings suggested that the type and amount of protein in a horse’s diet influences both the digestibility of the diet and the quantity of nitrogen that the animal excretes, with implications for environmental nitrogen pollution.

Research Methodology

The study was conducted on six Finnhorse mares following an unbalanced 6 × 4 Latin square design over four three-week experimental periods. Six different diet compositions were used:

  • Diet A: 100% haylage
  • Diet B: 100% hay
  • Diet C: 70% hay and 30% oats
  • Diet D: 70% hay and 30% soybean meal + oats
  • Diet E: 70% hay, 30% rapeseed meal + oats
  • Diet F: 70% hay, 30% linseed meal + oats

Each experimental period involved 17 days of preliminary feeding followed by four days of complete fecal and urine collection to measure nitrogen excretion.

Key Findings

The study confirmed that protein source and amount significantly affect both diet digestibility and nitrogen excretion in horses. Key findings include:

  • The digestibility of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) in the haylage-only diet was lower compared to the other diets.
  • Supplemental protein feeds improved the diet digestibility of crude protein (CP) compared to a hay + oats diet.
  • Digestibilities of DM, OM, and CP in the soya-supplemented diet were greater than those of the rapeseed- and linseed-supplemented diets.
  • Faecal and urine excretion was greatest for forage-only diets compared to those including protein supplements.
  • Nitrogen excretion via both faeces and urine differed between diets, increasing with higher protein content in forages.

Implications of the Study

This research provides valuable insights into how feed choices can affect the amount of nitrogen a horse excretes, influencing the potential for nitrogen pollution. The findings suggest that feeding recommendations should consider not only the horse’s category and work level but also the protein source. Using good quality protein might allow for smaller nitrogen intakes, reducing nitrogen excretion. On a broader scale, the study highlights the importance of understanding feed quality, planning, and feeding practices at the farm level to minimize the risk of nitrogen leaching and evaporation.

Cite This Article

APA
Saastamoinen M, Särkijärvi S, Suomala H. (2021). Protein Source and Intake Effects on Diet Digestibility and N Excretion in Horses-A Risk of Environmental N Load of Horses. Animals (Basel), 11(12), 3568. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123568

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 12
PII: 3568

Researcher Affiliations

Saastamoinen, Markku
  • Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
Särkijärvi, Susanna
  • Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
Suomala, Heli
  • Department of Animal Science, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

References

This article includes 72 references
  1. Martin-Rosset W. Nutritive value of feeds. In: Martin-Rosset W., editor. Equine Nutrition. INRA Nutrient Requirements, Recommended Allowances and Feed Tables. Wageningen Academic Publishers; Wageningen, The Netherlands: 2015. pp. 405–454.
  2. Hopkins A. Herbage production. In: Hopkins A., editor. Grass—Its Production and Utilization. 3rd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd.; Oxford, UK: 2000. pp. 90–110.
  3. Ragnarsson S, Lindberg J-E. Nutritional value of timothy haylage in Icelandic horses. Livest. Sci. 2008;113:2020–2028.
    doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.03.010google scholar: lookup
  4. Saastamoinen M.T, Hellämäki M. Forage analyses as a base of feeding of horses. In: Saastamoinen M., Fradinho M.J., Santos A.S., Miraglia N., editors. Forages and Grazing in Horse Nutrition. Wageningen Academic Publishers; Wageningen, The Netherlands: 2012. pp. 304–314. EAAP Publication 132.
  5. Larsson A, Müller C.E. Owner reported management, feeding and nutrition-related health problems in Arabian horses in Sweden. Livest. Sci. 2018;215:30–40.
    doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.03.001google scholar: lookup
  6. Harper M.A, Swinker A, Staniar W, Welker A. Ration evaluation of Chesapeake Bay watershed horse farms from a nutrient management perspective. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2009;29:401–402.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.101google scholar: lookup
  7. Bott R.C, Greene E.A, Trottier N.L, Williams C.A, Westendorf M.L, Swinker A.M, Mastellar S.L, Martinson K.L. Environmental Implications of Nitrogen Output on Horse Operations: A Review. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2016;45:98–106.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.019google scholar: lookup
  8. Connysson M, Muhonen S, Lindberg JE, Essén-Gustavsson B, Nyman G, Nostell K, Jansson A. Effects on exercise response, fluid and acid-base balance of protein intake from forage-only diets in standardbred horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):648-53.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05620.xpubmed: 17402499google scholar: lookup
  9. Ringmark S, Jansson A. Insulin response to feeding forage with varying crude protein and amino acid content in horses at rest and after exercise. Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2013;9:209–217.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP13014google scholar: lookup
  10. Reese W. Kidney Function in Mammals. In: Reese W., editor. Dukes’ Physiology of Domestic Animals. 12th ed. Cornell University Press; Ithaca, NY, USA: 2004. p. 999.
  11. Hipp B, Südekum KH, Zeyner A, Goren G, Kienzle E. Renal energy excretion of horses depends on renal hippuric acid and nitrogen excretion.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018 Feb;102(1):e380-e386.
    doi: 10.1111/jpn.12756pubmed: 28608590google scholar: lookup
  12. Weir J, Li H, Warren LK, Macon E, Wickens C. Characterizing ammonia emissions from horses fed different crude protein concentrations.. J Anim Sci 2017 Aug;95(8):3598-3608.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2017.1648pubmed: 28805887google scholar: lookup
  13. Airaksinen S, Heiskanen ML, Heinonen-Tanski H. Contamination of surface run-off water and soil in two horse paddocks.. Bioresour Technol 2007 Jul;98(9):1762-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.07.032pubmed: 16949278google scholar: lookup
  14. Närvänen A, Jansson H, Uusi-Kämppä J, Jansson H, Perälä P. Phosphorus load from equine critical source areas and its reduction using ferric sulphate. Boreal Environ. Res. 2008;13:266–274.
  15. Uusi-Kämppä J, Närvänen A, Kaseva J, Jansson H. Phosphorus and faecal bacteria in runoff from horse paddocks and their mitigation by the addition of P-sorbing materials. Agric. Food Sci. 2012;21:247–259.
    doi: 10.23986/afsci.6510google scholar: lookup
  16. Keskinen R, Saastamoinen M, Nikama J, Särkijärvi S, Myllymäki M, Salo T, Uusi-Kämppä J. Recycling nutrients from horse manure: Effects of bedding type and its compostability. Agr. Food Sci. 2017;26:68–79.
    doi: 10.23986/afsci.60443google scholar: lookup
  17. Havlin J. Soil: Fertility and nutrient management. In: Wang Y., editor. Landscape and Land Capacity. The Handbook of Natural Resources. 2nd ed. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL, USA: 2020. p. 456.
    doi: 10.1201/9780429445552google scholar: lookup
  18. Garlipp F, Hessel E.F, van der Weghe H.F.A. Characteristics of Gas Generation (NH3, CH4, N2O, CO2, H2O) From Horse Manure Added to Different Bedding Materials Used in Deep Litter Bedding Systems. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2011;31:383–395.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.01.007google scholar: lookup
  19. Maljanen M, Gondal Z, Bhattarai H.R. Emissions on nitrous acid (HONO), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from horse dung. Agr. Food Sci. 2016;25:225–229.
    doi: 10.23986/afsci.59314google scholar: lookup
  20. Michel F.C., Jr., Pecchia J.A, Rigot J.R, Keener H.M. Mass and nutrient losses during composting of dairy manure amended with saw dust or straw. Compos. Sci. Util. 2004;12:323–334.
    doi: 10.1080/1065657X.2004.10702201google scholar: lookup
  21. Bernal MP, Alburquerque JA, Moral R. Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review.. Bioresour Technol 2009 Nov;100(22):5444-53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027pubmed: 19119002google scholar: lookup
  22. EEA. Ammonia (NH3) Emissions (APE 003). EEA Web Site [(accessed on 10 September 2020)].
  23. Evans R. Introduction to the new equine economy in the 21st century. In: Vial C., Evans R., editors. The New Equine Economy in the 21st Century. Wageningen Academic Publishers; Wageningen, The Netherlands: 2015. p. 263. EAAP Publication 136.
  24. Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares.. Equine Vet J 1983 Oct;15(4):371-2.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.xpubmed: 6641685google scholar: lookup
  25. Saastamoinen M, Särkijärvi S, Valtonen E. Erratum: Saastamoinen, M.; Särkijärvi, S.; Valtonen, E. The Effect of Diet Composition on the Digestibility and Fecal Excretion of Phosphorus in Horses: A Potential Risk of P Leaching? Animals 2020, 10, 140.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 12;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10010140pmc: PMC7070794pubmed: 32059580google scholar: lookup
  26. Luke. Finnish Feed Tables and Feeding Recommendations. Natural Resources Institute Finland [(accessed on 20 September 2020)].
  27. Saastamoinen M.T, Koskinen E. Influence of quality of dietary protein supplement and anabolic steroids on muscular and skeletal growth of foals. Anim. Prod. 1993;56:135–144.
    doi: 10.1017/S0003356100006255google scholar: lookup
  28. Saastamoinen M, Särkijärvi S. Effect of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Groats-Based Mixed Feed Supplements on Diet Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Parameters of Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 10;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10020272pmc: PMC7070253pubmed: 32050686google scholar: lookup
  29. Robertson J.B, Van Soest P.J. The detergent system of analysis and its application to human foods. In: James W.D.T., Theander O., editors. The Analyses of Dietary Fibre in Foods. Marcell Dekker; New York, NY, USA: 1981. pp. 123–158.
  30. Meyer H, Stadermann B. Möglichkeiten zur Bestimmung der Mineralstoffversorgung des Pferdes durch Harnanalysen. Advances in Animal physiology and animal nutrition. Fortschr. Tierphysiol. Tiernährg. 1990;21:86–97.
  31. Tymecki Ł, Korszun J, Strzelak K, Koncki R. Multicommutated flow analysis system for determination of creatinine in physiological fluids by Jaffe method.. Anal Chim Acta 2013 Jul 17;787:118-25.
    doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.052pubmed: 23830429google scholar: lookup
  32. Bosken JM, Tobin T, Mundy GD, Fisher M, Gantz MG, Banks RO. Effect of furosemide on urine specific gravity and osmolality in thoroughbred racehorses.. Vet Ther 2003 Fall;4(3):292-8.
    pubmed: 15136991
  33. Reeder D, Miller S, Wilfong D, Leitch M, Zimmel D. AAEVT’s Equine Manual for Veterinary Technicians. Wiley-Blackwell; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2009. p. 424.
  34. Higgins A, Snyder J. The Equine Manual. 2nd ed. Elsevier Saunders; London, UK: 2013. p. 1326.
  35. Parrah J, Moulvi B, Gazi M, Makhdoomi D, Athar H, Din M, Dar S, Mir A. Importance of urinalysis in veterinary practice. Vet. World. 2013;6:640–646.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2013.640-646google scholar: lookup
  36. Orsini J, Divers D. Equine Emergencies: Treatment and Procedures. 4th ed. Maryland Heights, Elsevier Saunders; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 2012. p. 912.
  37. Movet . Movet Ltd.; [(accessed on 20 August 2021)]. Laboratory Handbook 2018. Available online: www.movet.fi. (In Finnish)
  38. NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Horses. 6th rev. ed. National Research Council of the National Academies; Washington, DC, USA: 2007. p. 339.
  39. Palmgren Karlsson C, Jansson A, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindberg JE. Effect of molassed sugar beet pulp on nutrient utilisation and metabolic parameters during exercise.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 Sep;(34):44-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05390.xpubmed: 12405658google scholar: lookup
  40. Särkijärvi S, Saastamoinen M. Feeding value of various processed oat grains in equine diets. Livest. Sci. 2006;100:3–9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.11.005google scholar: lookup
  41. Ragnarsson S, Lindberg J.E. Nutritional value of mixed grass haylage in Icelandic horses. Livest. Sci. 2010;131:83–87.
    doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.03.003google scholar: lookup
  42. Graham-Thiers PM, Bowen LK. Effect of protein source on nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids in exercising horses.. J Anim Sci 2011 Mar;89(3):729-35.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2010-3081pubmed: 21075968google scholar: lookup
  43. Trottier N.L, Bott R.C, Woodward A, Greene E.A, Williams C.A, Westendorf M.L, Swinker A.M, Mastellar S.L, Martinson K. Gastrointestinal nitrogen metabolism of Equids and impact on protein requirement. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2016;45:78–86.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.06.002google scholar: lookup
  44. Särkijärvi S, Sormunen-Cristian R, Heikkilä T, Rinne M, Saastamoinen M. Effect of grass species and cutting time on in vivo digestibility of silage by horses and sheep. Livest. Sci. 2012;144:230–239.
    doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.11.019google scholar: lookup
  45. Gibbs PG, Potter GD, Schelling GT, Kreider JL, Boyd CL. Digestion of hay protein in different segments of the equine digestive tract.. J Anim Sci 1988 Feb;66(2):400-6.
    doi: 10.2527/jas1988.662400xpubmed: 3372383google scholar: lookup
  46. Gibbs P, Potter G, Schelling G, Kreider J, Boyd J. The significance of small vs large intestinal digestion of cereal grain and oilseed protein in the equine. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1996;16:60–65.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(96)80157-2google scholar: lookup
  47. Wilson J.R, Deinum B, Engels F.M. Temperature effects on anatomy and digestibility of leaf and stem of tropical and temperate forage species. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 1991;39:31–48.
    doi: 10.18174/njas.v39i1.16551google scholar: lookup
  48. Van Soest P. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. Cornell University Press; Ithaca, NY, USA: 1994. p. 465.
  49. Jansson A, Dahlborn K. Effects of feeding frequency and voluntary salt intake on fluid and electrolyte regulation in athletic horses.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1999 May;86(5):1610-6.
    doi: 10.1152/jappl.1999.86.5.1610pubmed: 10233125google scholar: lookup
  50. Toribio RE. Essentials of equine renal and urinary tract physiology.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2007 Dec;23(3):533-61, v.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.09.006pubmed: 18061849google scholar: lookup
  51. Fowler AL, Hansen TL, Strasinger LA, Harlow BE, Lawrence LM. Phosphorus digestibility and phytate degradation by yearlings and mature horses.. J Anim Sci 2015 Dec;93(12):5735-42.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9139pubmed: 26641183google scholar: lookup
  52. Kusch S. Horse stall waste: Amounts, management, bioenergy generation. Proceedings of the 2nd Electronic International Interdisciplinary Conference, Sect. 18 Energy; Nuremberg, Germany. 2–6 September 2013; pp. 423–428.
  53. Kuchler M, Zeyner A, Susenbeth A, Kienzle E. The effect of crude protein content of the diet on renal energy losses in horses.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020 Sep;104(5):1494-1500.
    doi: 10.1111/jpn.13377pubmed: 32406982google scholar: lookup
  54. Schryver HF, Hintz HF, Craig PH. Phosphorus metabolism in ponies fed varying levels of phosphorus.. J Nutr 1971 Sep;101(9):1257-63.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/101.9.1257pubmed: 5096144google scholar: lookup
  55. Olsman AF, Jansen WL, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Beynen AC. Assessment of the minimum protein requirement of adult ponies.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2003 Jun;87(5-6):205-12.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0396.2003.00414.xpubmed: 12752826google scholar: lookup
  56. Martin-Rosset W, Ja Martin L. Nutritional principles for horses. In: Martin-Rosset W., editor. Equine Nutrition. INRA Nutrient Requirements, Recommended Allowances and Feed Tables. Wageningen Academic Publishers; Wageningen, The Netherlands: 2015. pp. 23–96.
  57. Hainze M.T.M, Muntifering R.B, Wood C.W, McCall C.A, Wood B.H. Faecal phosphorus excretion from horses fed typical diets with and without added phytase. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2004;117:265–279.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.08.010google scholar: lookup
  58. Potts L, Hinkson J, Graham B, Löest C, Turner J. Nitrogen retention and nutrient digestibility in geldings fed grass hay, alfalfa Hay, or alfalfa cubes. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2010;6:330–333.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.04.007google scholar: lookup
  59. Oliveira CA, Azevedo JF, Martins JA, Barreto MP, Silva VP, Julliand V, Almeida FQ. The impact of dietary protein levels on nutrient digestibility and water and nitrogen balances in eventing horses.. J Anim Sci 2015 Jan;93(1):229-37.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2014-6971pubmed: 25568371google scholar: lookup
  60. Obitsu T, Hata H, Taniguchi K. Nitrogen digestion and urea recycling in Hokkaido native horses fed hay-based diets.. Anim Sci J 2015 Feb;86(2):159-65.
    doi: 10.1111/asj.12256pubmed: 25040128google scholar: lookup
  61. Muscato T, Sniffen C, Krishnamoorthy U, Van der Soest P. Amino acid content of noncell and cell fractions in feedstuffs. J. Dairy Sci. 1983;66:2198–2207.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)82069-4google scholar: lookup
  62. Eckert JV, Myer RO, Warren LK, Brendemuhl JH. Digestibility and nutrient retention of perennial peanut and bermudagrass hays for mature horses.. J Anim Sci 2010 Jun;88(6):2055-61.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2092pubmed: 20154163google scholar: lookup
  63. Virkajärvi P, Saarijärvi K, Rinne M, Saastamoinen M. Grass physiology and its relation to nutritive value in feeding horses. In: Saastamoinen M., Fradinho M.J., Santos A.S., Miraglia N., editors. Forages and Grazing in Horse Nutrition, EAAP Publication 132. Wageningen Academic Publishers; Wageningen, The Netherlands: 2012. pp. 17–43.
  64. Larney FJ, Olson AF, Miller JJ, DeMaere PR, Zvomuya F, McAllister TA. Physical and chemical changes during composting of wood chip-bedded and straw-bedded beef cattle feedlot manure.. J Environ Qual 2008 Mar-Apr;37(2):725-35.
    doi: 10.2134/jeq2007.0351pubmed: 18396561google scholar: lookup
  65. Woodward A.D, Nielsen B.D, Pritchard A, O’Connor-Robinson C.I. Determination of phosphorus and nitrogen environmental load from six different bedding types used in an equine facility. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2019;73:10–14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.10.024google scholar: lookup
  66. Keskinen R, Nikama J, Närvänen A, Särkijärvi S, Myllymäki M, Saastamoinen M. Reducing Nutrient Runoff from Horse Paddocks by Removal of Dung. Proceedings of the Equi Meeting Infrasrtuctures 2014, Institut Francais du Cheval et de L’équitation IFCE; Le Lion-D’ange, France. 6–7 October 2014; pp. 60–65.
  67. Parvage MM, Ulén B, Kirchmann H. Are horse paddocks threatening water quality through excess loading of nutrients?. J Environ Manage 2015 Jan 1;147:306-13.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.09.019pubmed: 25284798google scholar: lookup
  68. Baumgartner M, Kuhnke S, Hülsbergen K-L, Erhard M.H, Zeitler-Feicht M.H. Improving horse welfare and environmental sustainability in horse husbandry: Linkage between turnout and nitrogen surplus. Sustainability 2021;13:8991.
    doi: 10.3390/s጖8991google scholar: lookup
  69. Zeitler-Feicht M.H, Bohnet W, Düe M, Esser E, Pollmann U. Positionspapier zu den Leitlinien zur Beurteilung von Pferdehaltungen unter Tierschutzgesichtspunkten. [(accessed on 18 August 2021)].
  70. Kirchman H, Witter E. Composition of fresh, aerobic and anaerobic farm animal dungs. Bioresour. Technol. 1992;40:137–142.
    doi: 10.1016/0960-8524(92)90199-8google scholar: lookup
  71. Särkijärvi S, Niemeläinen O, Sormunen-Cristian R, Saastamoinen M. Changes in chemical composition of different grass species and -mixtures in equine pasture during grazing seasons. In: Saastamoinen M., Fradinho M.J., Santos A.S., Miraglia N., editors. Forages and Grazing in Horse Nutrition, EAAP Publication 132. Wageningen Academic Publishers; Wageningen, The Netherlands: 2012. pp. 45–48.
  72. Kohn RA, Dinneen MM, Russek-Cohen E. Using blood urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, and rats.. J Anim Sci 2005 Apr;83(4):879-89.
    doi: 10.2527/2005.834879xpubmed: 15753344google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Mullins E, Bresson JL, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Naegeli H, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Dumont AF, Ardizzone M. Animal dietary exposure in the risk assessment of feed derived from genetically modified plants. EFSA J 2023 Jan;21(1):e07732.
    doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7732pubmed: 36698485google scholar: lookup
  2. Main SC, Brown LP, Melvin KR, Campagna SR, Voy BH, Castro HF, Strickland LG, Hines MT, Jacobs RD, Gordon ME, Ivey JLZ. Metabolomic Profiles in Starved Light Breed Horses during the Refeeding Process. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 21;12(19).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12192527pubmed: 36230267google scholar: lookup
  3. Saastamoinen M, Särkijärvi S, Suomala H. Correction: Saastamoinen et al. Protein Source and Intake Effects on Diet Digestibility and N Excretion in Horses-A Risk of Environmental N Load of Horses. Animals 2021, 11, 3568. Animals (Basel) 2022 Mar 28;12(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12070848pubmed: 35405929google scholar: lookup
  4. Rodzyń I, Karpińska K, Bis-Wencel H, Wlazło Ł, Ossowski M, Strzelec K, Jaguszewski S, Nowakowicz-Dębek B. Exposure to chemical pollutants and biological aerosol in indoor facilities for recreational and sport horses. BMC Vet Res 2024 Feb 28;20(1):78.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-03930-2pubmed: 38413934google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,383 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.