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Quantification of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage.
Abstract: Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) causes serious economic losses in the horse racing industry. Endoscopic examination indicates that 40-90% of horses exhibit EIPH following sprint exercise, but the limitations of the endoscope prevent diagnosis in many horses. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was utilised to detect red blood cells (RBCs) in the terminal airways in 6 horses. Two lavages were performed at weekly intervals prior to exercise, one within 90 min after exercise, and 5 at weekly intervals after exercise. The horses were exercised strenuously at 12.5-14.6 m/s on a treadmill (3 degree incline). Heart rates ranged from 192-207 beats/min, and mean pulmonary arterial pressures (mPAP) ranged from 80-102 mmHg. Neither epistaxis nor endoscopic evidence of EIPH was seen in any of the 6 horses following exercise. However, the number of RBCs in the lavage fluid increased significantly over control values immediately after exercise in all horses but returned to control values by one week after exercise. Haemosiderophages in the BAL fluid did not increase until one week after exercise and remained elevated for 3 weeks after exercise. Twenty per cent of the total population of alveolar macrophages contained haemosiderin. A positive relationship occurred between the number of RBCs in the lavage fluid and mPAP; the amount of haemorrhage increased as the mPAP exceeded 80 to 90 mmHg. The results with BAL used as the diagnostic tool, suggest that all strenuously exercised horses may exhibit EIPH; the amount of haemorrhage appears to be associated with the magnitude of the high pulmonary arterial pressure.
Publication Date: 1998-08-15 PubMed ID: 9705109DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04098.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research study focuses on understanding the frequency and degree of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in horses, by using an innovative method of diagnosis involving bronchoalveolar lavage, which was found to be more effective than traditional endoscopic examination methods due to its ability to detect red blood cells in the terminal airways.
Methodology
- The research team implemented bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to detect red blood cells in the terminal airways of six horses.
- Each of these horses underwent two weekly BAL procedures prior to exercise, one within 90 minutes after exercise, and five weekly lavages following exercise.
- The horses were subjected to strenuous exercise on a treadmill at speeds between 12.5-14.6 m/s with a 3-degree incline.
- The research team tracked each horse’s heart rate and mean pulmonary arterial pressures during this exercise routine.
Findings
- The number of red blood cells in the lavage fluid increased significantly in all the horses immediately after exercise only to return to control values within a week post-exercise.
- Haemosiderophages, cells that ingest degraded red blood cells, were not observed in the lavage fluid until a week after the exercise protocol and remained elevated for three weeks thereafter.
- A positive correlation was observed between the number of red blood cells in the lavage fluid and the mean pulmonary arterial pressure of the horses, implying that the amount of haemorrhage seemed to escalate as the mean pulmonary arterial pressure exceeded 80-90 mmHg.
Conclusion
- The study concluded that BAL could be a key diagnostic tool for understanding exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in horses.
- The findings from the BAL indicated that all strenuously exercised horses could exhibit pulmonary haemorrhage, but the degree of haemorrhage can vary depending on the levels of pulmonary arterial pressure experienced during exercise.
- Consequently, this implies the potential for optimizing horse exercise regimens to mitigate such health risks.
Cite This Article
APA
Meyer TS, Fedde MR, Gaughan EM, Langsetmo I, Erickson HH.
(1998).
Quantification of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage.
Equine Vet J, 30(4), 284-288.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04098.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-5602, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / cytology
- Bronchoscopy / veterinary
- Erythrocyte Count / veterinary
- Exercise Test / veterinary
- Heart Rate
- Hemorrhage / diagnosis
- Hemorrhage / etiology
- Hemorrhage / veterinary
- Horse Diseases / diagnosis
- Horse Diseases / etiology
- Horses
- Leukocyte Count / veterinary
- Lung Diseases / diagnosis
- Lung Diseases / etiology
- Lung Diseases / veterinary
- Macrophages, Alveolar / cytology
- Male
- Physical Conditioning, Animal / adverse effects
- Pulmonary Wedge Pressure
Citations
This article has been cited 12 times.- Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Stancari G, Conturba B, Bozzola C, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Associations between Medical Disorders and Racing Outcomes in Poorly Performing Standardbred Trotter Racehorses: A Retrospective Study.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 9;13(16).
- Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Medical causes of poor performance and their associations with fitness in Standardbred racehorses.. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jul-Aug;37(4):1514-1527.
- Mahalingam-Dhingra A, Bedenice D, Mazan MR. Bronchoalveolar lavage hemosiderosis in lightly active or sedentary horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2023 May-Jun;37(3):1243-1249.
- Bertram CA, Marzahl C, Bartel A, Stayt J, Bonsembiante F, Beeler-Marfisi J, Barton AK, Brocca G, Gelain ME, Glu00e4sel A, Preez KD, Weiler K, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Breininger K, Aubreville M, Maier A, Klopfleisch R, Hill J. Cytologic scoring of equine exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage: Performance of human experts and a deep learning-based algorithm.. Vet Pathol 2023 Jan;60(1):75-85.
- Poole DC, Copp SW, Colburn TD, Craig JC, Allen DL, Sturek M, O'Leary DS, Zucker IH, Musch TI. Guidelines for animal exercise and training protocols for cardiovascular studies.. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020 May 1;318(5):H1100-H1138.
- Lopez Sanchez CM, Kogan C, Gold JR, Sellon DC, Bayly WM. Relationship between tracheobronchoscopic score and bronchoalveolar lavage red blood cell numbers in the diagnosis of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Jan;34(1):322-329.
- Blott S, Cunningham H, Malkowski L, Brown A, Rauch C. A Mechanogenetic Model of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage in the Thoroughbred Horse.. Genes (Basel) 2019 Nov 1;10(11).
- Bayly W, Lopez C, Sides R, Bergsma G, Bergsma J, Gold J, Sellon D. Effect of different protocols on the mitigation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses when administered 24 hours before strenuous exercise.. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Sep;33(5):2319-2326.
- Poole DC, Erickson HH. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage: where are we now?. Vet Med (Auckl) 2016;7:133-148.
- Gold JR, Knowles DP, Coffey T, Bayly WM. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in barrel racing horses in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Mar;32(2):839-845.
- Wills-Karp M, Rani R, Dienger K, Lewkowich I, Fox JG, Perkins C, Lewis L, Finkelman FD, Smith DE, Bryce PJ, Kurt-Jones EA, Wang TC, Sivaprasad U, Hershey GK, Herbert DR. Trefoil factor 2 rapidly induces interleukin 33 to promote type 2 immunity during allergic asthma and hookworm infection.. J Exp Med 2012 Mar 12;209(3):607-22.
- Perez-Moreno CI, Couu00ebtil LL, Pratt SM, Ochoa-Acuu00f1a HG, Raskin RE, Russell MA. Effect of furosemide and furosemide-carbazochrome combination on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Standardbred racehorses.. Can Vet J 2009 Aug;50(8):821-7.
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