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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Rec / Rapid diagnosis of equine influenza by the Directigen FLU-A ...
The Veterinary record1994; 135(12); 275-279; doi: 10.1136/vr.135.12.275

Rapid diagnosis of equine influenza by the Directigen FLU-A enzyme immunoassay.

Abstract: The Directigen FLU-A enzyme immunoassay was tested for its ability to detect equine-2 influenza viruses in nasopharyngeal fluids from horses and ponies. A total of 125 swabs from experimental infections and from different sources of natural infection in the USA and Hong Kong were examined. The assay results were compared with the results of standard virus culture in embryonated chicken eggs or Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, and with the serology of the horses sampled. In comparison with virus culture the enzyme immunoassay exhibited 83 per cent sensitivity, 78 per cent specificity, 70 per cent positive predictive value and 88 per cent negative predictive value. The test appeared to be more sensitive than haemagglutination for the detection of low levels of virus in embryonated egg cultures. It also detected equine-1 influenza virus in culture. The test is rapid (15 minutes), simple, and should be a convenient method for the rapid diagnosis and screening of horses for equine influenza infection.
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Publication Date: 1994-09-17 PubMed ID: 7817505DOI: 10.1136/vr.135.12.275Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study evaluates the efficiency of the Directigen FLU-A enzyme immunoassay in diagnosing equine influenza by detecting equine-2 influenza viruses present in the nasopharyngeal fluids of horses and ponies. It concludes that the test is rapid, simple, and could provide a convenient method for the rapid diagnosis and screening of horses for equine influenza infection.

Methodology

  • The Directigen FLU-A enzyme immunoassay was tested on 125 swabs taken from horses and ponies. These swabs were collected from experimental infections and from different sources of natural infection in the USA and Hong Kong.
  • The assay results were compared to the results of a standard virus culture in embryonated chicken eggs or Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. This was done to examine the degree of correlation and reliability of the immunoassay.
  • The serology of the horses sampled was also considered in this comparison to provide further understanding of the detection capabilities of the immunoassay.

Findings

  • The enzyme immunoassay showed high efficiency in identifying equine-2 influenza viruses with 83% sensitivity, 78% specificity, 70% positive predictive value, and 88% negative predictive value.
  • When compared with haemagglutination, a technique used to measure the level of viruses in a sample, the test proved more sensitive in detecting low levels of virus in embryonated egg cultures.
  • The test also demonstrated the ability to detect equine-1 influenza virus in culture, further indicating its detection capabilities.

Implications

  • The study suggests the Directigen FLU-A enzyme immunoassay is a speedy, simple, and potentially convenient method for the rapid diagnosis and screening of horses for equine influenza infection.
  • This can be particularly important in the early detection and management of the disease, allowing for appropriate response actions to be taken.

Cite This Article

APA
Chambers TM, Shortridge KF, Li PH, Powell DG, Watkins KL. (1994). Rapid diagnosis of equine influenza by the Directigen FLU-A enzyme immunoassay. Vet Rec, 135(12), 275-279. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.135.12.275

Publication

The Veterinary record
ISSN: 0042-4900
NlmUniqueID: 0031164
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 135
Issue: 12
Pages: 275-279

Researcher Affiliations

Chambers, T M
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546.
Shortridge, K F
    Li, P H
      Powell, D G
        Watkins, K L

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Antigens, Viral / analysis
          • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
          • Horse Diseases / virology
          • Horses
          • Immunoenzyme Techniques / veterinary
          • Influenza A virus / immunology
          • Influenza A virus / isolation & purification
          • Nasal Lavage Fluid / microbiology
          • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / diagnosis
          • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
          • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
          • Sensitivity and Specificity
          • Time Factors
          • Virology / methods

          Citations

          This article has been cited 8 times.
          1. Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies.. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
            doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941pubmed: 30237788google scholar: lookup
          2. Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T, Gildea S, Cullinane A. Evaluation of twenty-two rapid antigen detection tests in the diagnosis of Equine Influenza caused by viruses of H3N8 subtype.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016 Mar;10(2):127-33.
            doi: 10.1111/irv.12358pubmed: 26568369google scholar: lookup
          3. Galvin P, Gildea S, Nelly M, Quinlivan M, Arkins S, Walsh C, Cullinane A. The evaluation of three diagnostic tests for the detection of equine influenza nucleoprotein in nasal swabs.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014 May;8(3):376-83.
            doi: 10.1111/irv.12235pubmed: 24512560google scholar: lookup
          4. Diaz-Mendez A, Viel L, Hewson J, Doig P, Carman S, Chambers T, Tiwari A, Dewey C. Surveillance of equine respiratory viruses in Ontario.. Can J Vet Res 2010 Oct;74(4):271-8.
            pubmed: 21197227
          5. Lu Z, Chambers TM, Boliar S, Branscum AJ, Sturgill TL, Timoney PJ, Reedy SE, Tudor LR, Dubovi EJ, Vickers ML, Sells S, Balasuriya UB. Development and evaluation of one-step TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays targeting nucleoprotein, matrix, and hemagglutinin genes of equine influenza virus.. J Clin Microbiol 2009 Dec;47(12):3907-13.
            doi: 10.1128/JCM.00598-09pubmed: 19846644google scholar: lookup
          6. Quinlivan M, Cullinane A, Nelly M, Van Maanen K, Heldens J, Arkins S. Comparison of sensitivities of virus isolation, antigen detection, and nucleic acid amplification for detection of equine influenza virus.. J Clin Microbiol 2004 Feb;42(2):759-63.
            doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.2.759-763.2004pubmed: 14766849google scholar: lookup
          7. Chan KH, Maldeis N, Pope W, Yup A, Ozinskas A, Gill J, Seto WH, Shortridge KF, Peiris JS. Evaluation of the Directigen FluA+B test for rapid diagnosis of influenza virus type A and B infections.. J Clin Microbiol 2002 May;40(5):1675-80.
            doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.5.1675-1680.2002pubmed: 11980941google scholar: lookup
          8. Suzuki Y, Ito T, Suzuki T, Holland RE Jr, Chambers TM, Kiso M, Ishida H, Kawaoka Y. Sialic acid species as a determinant of the host range of influenza A viruses.. J Virol 2000 Dec;74(24):11825-31.
            doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.24.11825-11831.2000pubmed: 11090182google scholar: lookup
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