FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Virus Res / Re-emergence of a genetic outlier strain of equine arteritis...
Virus research2014; 202; 144-150; doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.009

Re-emergence of a genetic outlier strain of equine arteritis virus: Impact on phylogeny.

Abstract: Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory and reproductive disease of equids, which is notifiable in some countries including the Great Britain (GB) and to the OIE. Herein, we present the case of a persistently infected stallion and the phylogenetic tracing of the virus strain isolated. Discussing EAV occurrence and phylogenetic analysis we review features, which may aid to harmonise and enhance the classification of EAV.
Crown Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2014-12-17 PubMed ID: 25527462PubMed Central: PMC7172687DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.009Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Case Reports
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article deals with the resurgence of a unique strain of Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV), exploring its impact on phylogeny and the implications for equine viral arteritis (EVA), a significant equine respiratory and reproductive illness.

Objective of the Research

  • The main objective of the study was to investigate the re-emergence of a distinct EAV strain in a persistently infected stallion, including tracing this strain’s phylogenetic lineage.

Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)

  • EAV is a virus causing equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory and reproductive disease affecting equids, a family that includes horses and related animals.
  • The disease is noteworthy enough that it must be reported in certain regions, such as Great Britain, and to international organizations like the OIE (World Organization for Animal Health).

Study Focus

  • The research primarily centered around a stallion that was persistently infected with a unique strain of EAV. The horse was seen as a case study to investigate the re-emergence of this viral strain.
  • The study also involved exploring the phylogenetic lineage of the specific EAV strain found in the stallion – i.e., tracing back its evolutionary background and changes over time.

Implications for EAV Classification

  • By studying the characteristics of the unique EAV strain and its phylogenetic correspondence, the researchers hoped to review features which could aid in harmonizing and improving the classification of EAV.
  • Better classification can lead to improved recognition and handling of infections, helping to reduce the spread of the disease and mitigate its impacts.

Cite This Article

APA
Steinbach F, Westcott DG, McGowan SL, Grierson SS, Frossard JP, Choudhury B. (2014). Re-emergence of a genetic outlier strain of equine arteritis virus: Impact on phylogeny. Virus Res, 202, 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.009

Publication

Virus research
ISSN: 1872-7492
NlmUniqueID: 8410979
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 202
Pages: 144-150

Researcher Affiliations

Steinbach, F
  • Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
Westcott, D G
  • Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
McGowan, S L
  • Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
Grierson, S S
  • Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
Frossard, J P
  • Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
Choudhury, B
  • Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Bhudipa.Choudhury@apha.gsi.gov.uk.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Arterivirus Infections / veterinary
  • Arterivirus Infections / virology
  • Cluster Analysis
  • Communicable Diseases, Emerging / veterinary
  • Communicable Diseases, Emerging / virology
  • Equartevirus / classification
  • Equartevirus / genetics
  • Equartevirus / isolation & purification
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Phylogeny
  • RNA, Viral / genetics
  • Sequence Analysis, DNA
  • Sequence Homology
  • United Kingdom

References

This article includes 50 references
  1. Anonymous. NAHMS in Equine Viral Arteritis and the US Horse Industry. USDA-APHIS VS CEAH, National Health Monitoring System Fort Collins, CO: 2000.
  2. Anonymous WHO/OIE/FAO H5N1 Evolution Working Group. continued evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1): updated nomenclature. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 2012;6:1–5.
    pmc: PMC5074649pubmed: 22035148
  3. Anonymous. Equine viral arteritis. (Chapter 2.5.10). OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2013.
  4. Balasuriya U.B., Timoney P.J., McCollum W.H.. Phylogenetic analysis of open reading frame 5 of field isolates of equine arteritis virus and identification of conserved and nonconserved regions in the GL envelope glycoprotein. Virology 1995;214:690–697.
    pubmed: 8553578
  5. Balasuriya U.B., Patton J.F., Rossitto P.V.. Neutralisation determinants of laboratory strains and field isolates of equine arteritis virus: identification of four neutralisation sites in the amino-terminal ectodomain of the G(L) envelope glycoprotein. Virology 1997;232:114–128.
    pubmed: 9185595
  6. Balasuriya U.B., Zhang J., Go Y.Y., MacLachlan N.J.. Experiences with infectious cDNA clones of equine arteritis virus: lessons learned and insights gained. Virology 2014;462–463:388–403.
    pmc: PMC7172799pubmed: 24913633
  7. Barrandeguy M.. EVA outbreak in Argentina. Equine Dis. Q. 2010;19:3–4.
  8. Belak S., Ballagi-Pordany A., Timoney P.. Evaluation of a nested PCR assay for the detection of equine arteritis virus. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Equine Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. R&W Publications Newmarket; UK 1994.
  9. Cavanagh D.. Nidovirales: a new order comprising Coronaviridae and Arteriviridae. Arch. Virol. 1997;142:629–633.
    pubmed: 9349308
  10. Chirnside E.D., Wearing C.M., Binns M.M.. Comparison of M and N gene sequences distinguishes variation amongst equine arteritis virus isolates. J. Gen. Virol. 1994;75:1491–1497.
    pubmed: 8207415
  11. de Vries A.A., Post S.M., Raamsman M.J.. The two major envelope proteins of equine arteritis virus associate into disulfide-linked heterodimers. J. Virol. 1995;66:6294–6303.
    pmc: PMC189270pubmed: 7609031
  12. Doll E.R., Bryans J.T., McCollum W.H.. Isolation of a filterable agent causing arteritis of horses and abortions in mares. Its differentiation from equine abortion (influenza) virus. Cornell Vet. 1957;47:3–41.
    pubmed: 13397177
  13. Echeverría M.G., Pecoraro M.R., Galosi C.M.. The first isolation of equine arteritis virus in Argentina. Rev. Sci. Technol. 2003;22(3):1029–1033.
    pubmed: 15005559
  14. Echeverría M.G., Díaz S., Metz G.E.. Genetic typing of equine arteritis virus isolates from Argentina. Virus Genes 2007;35(2):313–320.
    pubmed: 17294142
  15. Firth A.E., Zevenhoven-Dobbe J.C., Wills N.M.. Discovery of a small arterivirus gene that overlaps the GP5 coding sequence and is important for virus production. J. Gen. Virol. 2011;92:1097–1106.
    pmc: PMC3139419pubmed: 21307223
  16. Frossard J.P., Hughes G.J., Westcott D.G.. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: genetic diversity of recent British isolates. Vet. Microbiol. 2013;162:507L 18.
    pubmed: 23218831
  17. Glaser A.L., de Vries A.A., Dubovi E.J.. Comparison of equine arteritis virus isolates using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and identification of sequence changes in GL associated with neutralization resistance. J. Gen. Virol. 1995;76(Pt 9):2223–2233.
    pubmed: 7561759
  18. Guthrie A.J., Howell P.G., Hedges J.F.. Lateral transmission of equine arteritis virus among Lipizzaner stallions in South Africa. Equine Vet. J. 2003;35(6):596–600.
    pubmed: 14515961
  19. Hedges J.F., Balasuriya U.B., Topol J.B.. Genetic variation of ORFs 3 and 4 of equine arteritis virus. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2001;494:69–72.
    pubmed: 11774546
  20. Hornyak A., Bakonyi T., Tejes G.. A novel subgroup among genotypes of equine arteritis virus: genetic comparison of 40 strains. J. Vet. Med. B. 2005;52:112–118.
    pubmed: 15876222
  21. Lepage N., St-Laurent G., Carman S.. Comparison of nucleic and amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis of the Gs protein of various equine arteritis virus isolates. Virus Genes 1996;13(1):87–91.
    pubmed: 8938984
  22. Manolaridis I., Gaudin C., Posthuma C.C.. Structure and genetic analysis of the arterivirus non-structural protein 7alpha. J. Virol. 2011;85:7449–7453.
    pmc: PMC3126611pubmed: 21561912
  23. McFadden A.M., Pearce P.V., Orr D.. Evidence for absence of equine arteritis virus in the horse population of New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 2013;61(5):300–304.
    pubmed: 23611669
  24. Metz G.E., Ocampos G.P.M., Serena M.S.. Extended phylogeny of the equine arteritis virus sequences including South American sequences. Intervirology 2011;54:30–36.
    pubmed: 20689314
  25. Minskaia E., Hertzig T., Gorbalenya A.E., Campanacci V., Cambillau C., Canard B., Ziebuhr J.. Discovery of an RNA virus 3′ → 5′ exoribonuclease that is critically involved in coronavirus RNA synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006;103:5108–5113.
    pmc: PMC1458802pubmed: 16549795
  26. Mittelholzer C., Stadejek T., Johansson I.. Extended phylogeny of equine arteritis virus: division into new subgroups. J. Vet. Med. B. 2006;53:55–58.
    pubmed: 16626399
  27. Nga P.T., Parquet Mdel C., Lauber C., Parida M., Nabeshima T., Yu F., Thuy N.T., Inoue S., Ito T., Okamoto K., Ichinose A., Snijder E.J., Morita K., Gorbalenya A.E.. Discovery of the first insect nidovirus, a missing evolutionary link in the emergence of the largest RNA virus genomes. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7:e1002215.
    pmc: PMC3169540pubmed: 21931546
  28. Paweska J.T., Aitchison H., Chirnside E.D., Barnard B.J.. Transmission of the South African asinine strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) among horses and between donkeys and horses. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1996;63:189–196.
    pubmed: 8917855
  29. Posthuma C.C., Nedialkova D.D., Zevenhoven-Dpbbe J.C.. Site-directed mutagenesis of the Nidovirus replicative endoribonuclease NendoU exerts pleiotropic effects on the arterivirus life cycle. J. Virol. 2006;80:1653–1661.
    pmc: PMC1367138pubmed: 16439522
  30. Posthuma C.C., Pedersen K.W., Lu Z.. Formation of the arterivirus replication/transcription complex: a key role for non-structural protein 3 in the remodelling of intracellular membranes. J. Virol. 2008;82:4480–4491.
    pmc: PMC2293027pubmed: 18305048
  31. Powell D.G., Timoney P.J.. EVA outbreak in New Mexico. Equine Dis. Q. 2006;15:2–3.
  32. Pronost S., Pitel P.H., Miszczak F.. Description of the first recorded major occurrence of equine viral arteritis in France. Equine Vet. J. 2010;42(8):713–720.
    pubmed: 21039801
  33. Rasmussen T.B., Reimann I., Hoffmann B.. Direct recovery of infectious pestivirus from a full-length RT-PCR amplicon. J. Virol. Methods 2008;149(2):330–333.
    pubmed: 18336923
  34. Rasmussen T.B., Reimann I., Uttenthal A.. Generation of recombinant pestiviruses using a full-genome amplification strategy. Vet. Microbiol. 2010;142(1–2):13–17.
    pubmed: 19836906
  35. Snijder E.J., Kikkert M.. Arteriviruses. Fields Virology 2013;pp. 859–879.
  36. Snijder E.J., Meulenberg J.J.. The molecular biology or arteriviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 1998;79:961–979.
    pubmed: 9603311
  37. Snijder E.J., Wassenaar A.L., Spaan W.J.. Proteolytic processing of the replicase ORF1a protein of equine arteritis virus. J. Virol. 1994;68:5755–5764.
    pmc: PMC236979pubmed: 8057457
  38. Snijder E.J., van Tol H., Pedersen K.W.. Identification of a novel structural protein of arteriviruses. J. Virol. 1999;73:6335–6345.
    pmc: PMC112712pubmed: 10400725
  39. Stadejek T., Bjorklund H., Ros Bascunana C.. Genetic diversity of equine arteritis virus. J. Gen. Virol. 1999;80:691–699.
    pubmed: 10092009
  40. Stadejek T., Mittelholzer C., Oleksiewicz M.B.. Highly diverse type of equine arteritis virus (EAV) from the semen of a South African donkey: short communication. Acta Vet. Hung. 2006;54(2):263–270.
    pubmed: 16841763
  41. Strong R., Errington J., Cook R., Ross-Smith N., Wakeley P., Steinbach F.. Increased phylogenetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 isolates in England and Wales since 2001. Vet. Microbiol. 2013;162:315–320.
    pubmed: 23022681
  42. Tamura K., Peterson D., Peterson N.. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011;28:2731–2739.
    pmc: PMC3203626pubmed: 21546353
  43. Tijms M.A., van der Meer Y., Snijder E.J.. Nuclear localization of non-structural protein 1 and nucleocapsid protein of equine arteritis virus. J. Gen. Virol. 2002;83:795–800.
    pubmed: 11907328
  44. Tijms M.A., Nedialkova D.D., Zevenhoven-Dobbe J.C.. Arterivirus subgenomic mRNA synthesis and virion biogenesis depend on the multifunctional nsp1 autoprotease. J. Virol. 2007;81:10496–10505.
    pmc: PMC2045461pubmed: 17626105
  45. Timoney P.J., McCollum W.H.. Equine viral arteritis. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 1993;9:295–309.
    pmc: PMC7134676pubmed: 8395325
  46. van Dinten L.C., den Boon J.A., Wassenaar A.L.M.. An infectious arterivirus cDNA clone: identification of a replicase point mutation that abolishes discontinuous mRNA transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997;94:991–996.
    pmc: PMC19627pubmed: 9023370
  47. van Kasteren P.B., Bailey-Elkin B.A., James T.W.. Deubiquitinase function of arterivirus papain-like protease 2 suppresses the innate immune response in infected host cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013:E838–E847.
    pmc: PMC3587229pubmed: 23401522
  48. Wieringa R., de Vries A.A., Raamsman M.J.. Characterisation of two new structural glycoproteins GP(3) and GP(4), of equine arteritis virus. J. Virol. 2002;76:10829–10840.
    pmc: PMC136612pubmed: 12368326
  49. Wood J.L., Chrinside E.D., Mumford J.A.. First recorded outbreak of equine viral arteritis in the United Kingdom. Vet. Rec. 1995;136(15):381–385.
    pubmed: 7604517
  50. Zhang J., Miszczak F., Pronost S.. Genetic variation and phylogenetic analysis of 22 French isolates of equine arteritis virus. Arch. Virol. 2007;152(11):1977–1994.
    pubmed: 17680321

Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Bhat S, Karunakaran S, Frossard JP, Choudhury B, Steinbach F. Genetic characterization of equine arteritis virus associated with outbreaks in the UK, 2019. J Gen Virol 2025 Dec;106(12).
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.002181pubmed: 41334982google scholar: lookup
  2. Moyo NA, Westcott D, Simmonds R, Steinbach F. Equine Arteritis Virus in Monocytic Cells Suppresses Differentiation and Function of Dendritic Cells. Viruses 2023 Jan 16;15(1).
    doi: 10.3390/v15010255pubmed: 36680295google scholar: lookup
  3. Mayers J, Westcott D, Steinbach F. Identification of Equine Arteritis Virus Immunodominant Epitopes Using a Peptide Microarray. Viruses 2022 Aug 26;14(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v14091880pubmed: 36146687google scholar: lookup
  4. Gaudaire D, Lazić S, Lupulović D, Petrovic T, Lazić G, Berthet N, Hans A. Complete Genome Sequence of an Equine Arteritis Virus Strain Isolated from a Lipizzaner Stallion in 2015 in Serbia. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019 Sep 5;8(36).
    doi: 10.1128/MRA.00250-19pubmed: 31488522google scholar: lookup
  5. Lazić S, Lupulović D, Gaudaire D, Petrovic T, Lazić G, Hans A. Serological evidence of equine arteritis virus infection and phylogenetic analysis of viral isolates in semen of stallions from Serbia. BMC Vet Res 2017 Nov 7;13(1):316.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1226-xpubmed: 29115996google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.