Recommendations for African horse sickness vaccines for use in nonendemic areas.
Abstract: African horse sickness (AHS), which causes mortality up to 95%, is caused by orbiviruses and is transmitted by Culicoides. The goal of a control and eradication program for AHS is to prevent the spread of the virus via the biological vector. Control measures include slaughter of infected animals, housing of suspected infected animals in insect-proof stalls, and vaccination. Vaccination has played a key role in eradication when AHS occurred outside of Africa. Both modified live vaccines (MLV) and inactivated vaccines have been used to control AHS. An acceptable vaccine should be: safe, efficacious, and available. The vaccine should not cause disease or viremia, and the vaccine virus should not revert to a virulent virus upon backpassage in susceptible Equidae. The vaccine should protect against death and clinical signs and, most importantly, should prevent viremia in vaccinated Equidae following exposure to virulent AHS virus. The challenge inoculation system for assessing immunity to AHS is discussed. The vaccine should be readily available, implying that it is either in routine production in facilities that meet internationally accepted guidelines for biological production facilities or in a vaccine bank. Banking of cryopreserved stocks of MLV or concentrates of inactivated vaccines is a means of having AHS vaccine available for future epizootics. A recently developed diagnostic test to differentiate vaccinated from naturally infected animals provides regulatory officials with useful information for the control of AHS.
Publication Date: 1993-01-01 PubMed ID: 8134660
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- Journal Article
Summary
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This research article discusses the strategies for controlling and eradicating African horse sickness (AHS), a disease that has a high mortality rate in horses. Particularly, it evaluates the role of vaccines – both modified live vaccines (MLV) and inactivated vaccines – in preventing the spread of AHS, and the requirements for an effective vaccine.
Understanding African Horse Sickness
- AHS is a condition characterized by a mortality rate of up to 95% in Equidae, a family of mammals that includes horses. The disease is caused by the orbiviruses and is transmitted by a species of flies, called Culicoides.
- According to this study, the chief aim of AHS control and eradication programs is to limit spread of the virus through the biological vector. This includes killing infected horses, isolation of suspected cases, and the use of vaccines to build immunity in healthy creatures. These measures have proven particularly useful when AHS surfaces outside of its endemic areas in Africa.
Vaccines as a Control Measure for AHS
- Vaccines play a central role in controlling AHS. Both types – modified live vaccines (MLV) and inactivated vaccines – have been employed in this fight.
- The research stipulates that an ideal vaccine should be effective, safe, and readily available. It must not cause disease or viremia (the presence of viruses in the blood), and the vaccine-produced virus must not turn into a virulent strain after spreading through susceptible Equidae.
- Effective vaccines should protect against death, prevent clinical signs of AHS, and most importantly, avoid the occurrence of viremia in vaccinated Equidae after the exposure to a virulent strain of the AHS virus.
- The article also covers the challenge inoculation system for judging immunity to AHS which involves exposing animals to the disease to evaluate the vaccine’s effectiveness.
- The ideal vaccine should be readily available for use. This might mean routine manufacture in facilities that adhere to international biological production guidelines or storage in vaccine banks as cryopreserved stocks of MLV or inactivated vaccine concentrates for use in future outbreaks.
Advancements in AHS Control
- Very notably, a new diagnostic test has been created which can differentiate animals that have been vaccinated from those that were naturally infected. This provides crucial data for regulatory officials focusing on the control of AHS.
Cite This Article
APA
House JA.
(1993).
Recommendations for African horse sickness vaccines for use in nonendemic areas.
Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop, 46(1-2), 77-81.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- USDA, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Greenport, New York 11944.
MeSH Terms
- African Horse Sickness / prevention & control
- African Horse Sickness Virus / immunology
- Animals
- Horses
- Viral Vaccines / administration & dosage
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