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Equine veterinary journal2021; 54(2); 219-261; doi: 10.1111/evj.13524

Recovery of horses from general anaesthesia: A systematic review (2000-2020) of the influence of anaesthetic protocol on recovery quality.

Abstract: The recovery phase after equine general anaesthesia (GA) is a time of considerable risk and therefore has been the subject of extensive research over the last 20 years. Various pharmacological interventions have been developed and studied with the objective of improving recovery quality and reducing anaesthetic-related mortality and morbidity. Nevertheless, some controversy remains regarding the influence of anaesthetic protocol choice on recovery quality from GA and its implications for recovery-related mortality and morbidity. A systematic review of the literature investigating the influence of anaesthetic protocol choice on recovery quality is currently lacking. Objective: To perform a detailed evaluation of the equine veterinary literature investigating the effect of anaesthetic protocol choice on equine recovery quality utilising the GRADE framework. Methods: A systematic evaluation of the equine veterinary literature was performed using the GRADE framework. Methods: A literature search was performed and studies were assessed for eligibility by both authors utilising PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were evaluated by both authors, categorically summarised and the quality of evidence for each sub-topic was assessed using the GRADE framework. Results: A total of 124 studies were identified which directly assessed the impact of anaesthetic protocol choice on recovery quality after GA in horses. Evaluation of the available evidence indicated that certain partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA) agents, cessation of intravenous lidocaine 30 minutes prior to recovery and provision of adequate analgesia improves recovery quality. Conclusions: The validity of the results of some studies may have been compromised by missing data and small sample sizes. Conclusions: There is evidence to indicate that certain PIVA agents, cessation of intravenous lidocaine 30 minutes prior to recovery and provision of adequate analgesia improves recovery quality.
© 2021 EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2021-11-12 PubMed ID: 34668220DOI: 10.1111/evj.13524Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Systematic Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research reviews multiple studies over the past 20 years that examine how different anaesthetic protocols affect a horse’s recovery from general anaesthesia. The researchers use established criteria to assess and summarize these studies and find evidence that certain interventions, such as using specific anaesthesia agents, stopping the use of lidocaine 30 minutes before a horse regains consciousness, and providing adequate pain relief, can improve the recovery process.

Objective and Approach

  • The research conducted a detailed review of studies focussing on equine anaesthesia recovery, spanning two decades from 2000 to 2020. This systematic review aimed to clarify how the choice of anaesthetic protocol could affect the recovery quality and potential mortality and morbidity risks associated with the recovery phase.
  • The researchers applied the GRADE framework, a standardised method for rating the quality of evidence in systematic reviews and assessing the strength of recommendations.
  • According to a set protocol, the researchers identified studies, screened them for relevance and assessed them for eligibility under the PRISMA guidelines, a set of best practices for conducting systematic reviews.

Findings

  • The researchers identified 124 studies that directly addressed the impact of different anaesthetic protocols on the quality of a horse’s recovery from general anaesthesia.
  • From the available evidence, the researchers concluded that certain partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA) agents enhance the recovery quality. The cessation of intravenous lidocaine – a typical anaesthetic used in veterinary medicine – approximately half an hour before recovery, and providing adequate pain relief, could also improve recovery from equine general anaesthesia.

Conclusions and Limitations

  • Despite highlighting that certain anaesthesia practices can improve the recovery process, the researchers also noted that some of the reviewed studies had certain limitations that could affect the reliability of the results. These limitations include missing data and smaller sample sizes.
  • Nevertheless, the consistency of findings across a number of studies supports the conclusion that the choice of certain PIVA agents, cessation of intravenous lidocaine before recovery and provision of adequate analgesia can enhance equine recovery quality from general anaesthesia.

Cite This Article

APA
Loomes K, Louro LF. (2021). Recovery of horses from general anaesthesia: A systematic review (2000-2020) of the influence of anaesthetic protocol on recovery quality. Equine Vet J, 54(2), 219-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13524

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 54
Issue: 2
Pages: 219-261

Researcher Affiliations

Loomes, Kate
  • Rainbow Equine Hospital, Malton, UK.
Louro, Luís Filipe
  • School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Analgesia / veterinary
  • Anesthesia, General / veterinary
  • Anesthetics, Intravenous
  • Animals
  • Clinical Protocols
  • Horses
  • Lidocaine

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Boocock H, Flyps J, Escobar A, Redondo JI, Taylor PM, Gozalo-Marcilla M, Johnston GM, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Sullivan R. Donkey and Hybrid Anaesthetic Mortality in an Observational, Prospective, Multicentre Cohort Study. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jun 25;15(13).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15131880pubmed: 40646777google scholar: lookup
  2. Román Durá B, Dunham O, Grulke S, Salciccia A, Dupont J, Sandersen C. A Retrospective Study on Pre- and Intraoperative Predictors on the Recovery Quality of Horses After General Anesthesia. Vet Sci 2025 Mar 11;12(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12030262pubmed: 40266986google scholar: lookup
  3. Aitken MR, Floriano DA, Hopster K. Open Approach to the Transversus Abdominis Plane in Horses: A Cadaver Feasibility Study. Vet Sci 2024 Jan 22;11(1).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci11010051pubmed: 38275933google scholar: lookup
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