Respiratory Distress in Some Diseases of Man and Animals – The Syndrome of ‘Broken Wind’ in the Horse.

This article studies “broken wind” in horses, a condition characterized by difficulty in breathing. It explores the cause, symptoms, progression, diagnosis, and prognosis of the disease

Introduction and Definition

• The condition referred to as ‘broken wind’ in horses is marked by a two-phased difficulty in exhaling. It involves a normal expiratory movement which is followed by a forceful contraction of the abdominal muscles to push out the remaining air.
• ‘Broken wind’ is caused by a constriction of the smooth muscles in the bronchioles and alveolar ducts, possibly brought on by an allergic reaction. The end result of this obstruction to exhalation is a generalized pulmonary alveolar emphysema, a condition in which air sacs in the lungs are damaged or overinflated.

Clinical Picture

• The authors explore both an acute and chronic form of the disease. Acute form of ‘broken wind’ is sudden with severe symptoms that are similar to human asthma. Symptoms can include prominent abdominal expiration, flaring of the nostrils, rhythmic movement of the anus and perineum, restlessness, sweating and a resentful response to handling.
• The chronic form of the disease presents as a long-term condition, with the affected horse having a history of mild respiratory issues for several months or even years before the condition is recognized and addressed. Signs of this illness include an increased respiratory rate with a prolonged and two-phased exhalation, coughing, a slight nasal discharge, and abnormal sounds upon examination of the chest.

Diagnosis

• ‘Broken wind’ can typically be diagnosed based on symptoms as the condition is unique. Several other conditions such as pulmonary tuberculosis, neoplasia, and lung-worm infestation may also present similarly and should be considered during diagnosis.

Prognosis

• ‘Broken wind’ is untreatable in its structural form and tends to get worse over time. While careful management of the horse can allow for light work for a few years, the prognosis is generally bleak. The prognosis for functional emphysema is slightly better, although most cases eventually progress into the structural form. The prognosis becomes worse if the condition is exacerbated by allergens such as mould or dust, or by poor ventilation or other respiratory infections.