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Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research2022; 9(2); 323-334; doi: 10.5455/javar.2022.i599

Review of anthrax: A disease of farm animals.

Abstract: Anthrax is a rapidly fatal infectious disease affecting herbivores and people. In the farm animals, cattle and sheep are more susceptible, followed by goats and horses, while dwarf pigs and Algerian sheep are relatively resistant. Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, produces spores and persists for decades in the soil, initiating an outbreak through a favorable climate shift. Anthrax is enzootic in many Asian and African countries, and is reported in Australia, some parts of Europe, and America. The clinical courses of this disease in animals are peracute, acute, subacute, and chronic forms. In severely infected cases, the animals are dead without premonitory clinical signs. The blood may fail to clot and can be found in the mouth, nostrils, and anus in the animals that die from anthrax. This bacterium is susceptible to many antibiotics, yet only penicillin and oxytetracycline have the most effective under field conditions. When an outbreak occurs in a defined area, it is necessary to take early steps to break the infection cycle by maintaining strict biosecurity and vaccinating uninfected animals. This disease is still a challenge to farm animal production in many countries. This review intends to give a fair knowledge of the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and control of this disease.
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Publication Date: 2022-06-30 PubMed ID: 35891653PubMed Central: PMC9298093DOI: 10.5455/javar.2022.i599Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper discusses the complex aspects of anthrax, an infectious disease that primarily affects farm animals, its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and control strategies.

Etiology and Epidemiology

  • Anthrax is a fatal disease primarily affecting herbivores such as cattle, sheep, goats, and horses. It is caused by a bacterium that releases spores that can survive for decades in soil.
  • The disease is prevalent in many countries across Africa and Asia, with some documented cases in Australia, Europe, and the Americas.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation

  • The disease exhibits several forms depending on its severity – peracute, acute, subacute, and chronic.
  • In severe cases, animals might die without showing explicit clinical signs, while in other cases, their blood fails to clot, and it can be seen near the mouth, nostrils, and anus.

Diagnosis and Treatment

  • Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and the manifestation of specific symptoms—in particular the failing clotting of blood in affected animals.
  • The bacteria causing anthrax are susceptible to several antibiotics, but penicillin and oxytetracycline have been identified as the most effective in field conditions.

Control Measures

  • In areas where an outbreak occurs, immediate measures should be taken to disrupt the cycle of infection. These measures include maintaining strict biosecurity and vaccinating uninfected animals.
  • Despite these control measures, anthrax remains a challenge to farm animal production in numerous countries due to its rapid spread and high mortality rate.

Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of anthrax, offering important insights into its cause, effects, treatment, and ways to control its spread. It affirms the necessity for ongoing research and effective control measures to combat this fatal disease that threatens farm animal production worldwide.

Cite This Article

APA
Alam ME, Kamal MM, Rahman M, Kabir A, Islam MS, Hassan J. (2022). Review of anthrax: A disease of farm animals. J Adv Vet Anim Res, 9(2), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2022.i599

Publication

Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research
ISSN: 2311-7710
NlmUniqueID: 101647585
Country: Bangladesh
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 323-334

Researcher Affiliations

Alam, Md Emtiaj
  • Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Kamal, Md Mostofa
  • Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Rahman, Moizur
  • Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Kabir, Aurangazeb
  • Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Islam, Md Shafiqul
  • Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
Hassan, Jayedul
  • Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest in this review.

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