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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2021; 10(3); doi: 10.3390/pathogens10030357

Ross River Virus Infection: A Cross-Disciplinary Review with a Veterinary Perspective.

Abstract: Ross River virus (RRV) has recently been suggested to be a potential emerging infectious disease worldwide. RRV infection remains the most common human arboviral disease in Australia, with a yearly estimated economic cost of $4.3 billion. Infection in humans and horses can cause chronic, long-term debilitating arthritogenic illnesses. However, current knowledge of immunopathogenesis remains to be elucidated and is mainly inferred from a murine model that only partially resembles clinical signs and pathology in human and horses. The epidemiology of RRV transmission is complex and multifactorial and is further complicated by climate change, making predictive models difficult to design. Establishing an equine model for RRV may allow better characterization of RRV disease pathogenesis and immunology in humans and horses, and could potentially be used for other infectious diseases. While there are no approved therapeutics or registered vaccines to treat or prevent RRV infection, clinical trials of various potential drugs and vaccines are currently underway. In the future, the RRV disease dynamic is likely to shift into temperate areas of Australia with longer active months of infection. Here, we (1) review the current knowledge of RRV infection, epidemiology, diagnostics, and therapeutics in both humans and horses; (2) identify and discuss major research gaps that warrant further research.
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Publication Date: 2021-03-17 PubMed ID: 33802851PubMed Central: PMC8002670DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030357Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article is a comprehensive review of the Ross River virus (RRV), a potentially emerging global infectious disease that is notably prevalent in Australia. The RRV affects both humans and horses, causing chronic and debilitating arthritic illnesses, though no definitive cure or preventative vaccine is available currently. The researchers also analyze the complexity of RRV transmission, research gaps, and potential shifts in disease dynamics due to climate change.

Introduction to RRV Infection

  • The Ross River virus (RRV) infection is the most common human arboviral disease in Australia. It is also becoming a potential global threat due to its emerging nature.
  • RRV infection impacts both humans and horses severely, causing debilitating, chronic arthritogenic illnesses, which are characterized by joint inflammation and pain.
  • The disease has a significant economic impact, with the yearly estimated cost for Australia alone being $4.3 billion.

RRV Immunopathogenesis

  • The actual mechanism of immunopathogenesis of the RRV infection still lacks clarity, with current understanding primarily derived from a murine model. However, this model only partially represents the clinical signs and pathology in humans and horses.
  • Developing an equine model for RRV disease could give better insights into the disease’s pathogenesis (the mechanism or development of the disease) and immunology (the responses of the immune system to the disease) in humans and horses. This model could also potentially aid our understanding of other infectious diseases.

Epidemiology and Transmission of RRV

  • The epidemiology of RRV transmission is complex and influenced by many factors, making the creation of predictive models challenging.
  • Climate change further complicates the situation by possibly affecting transmission patterns and timings. The researchers suggest that RRV disease dynamics could shift into more temperate areas of Australia, with longer active infection periods.

Current Therapeutics and Prevention Measures for RRV

  • Currently, there are no approved therapeutics or registered vaccines to treat or prevent RRV infection.
  • Various clinical trials testing potential drugs and vaccines are in progress.

Research Gaps and Future Studies

  • The research paper highlights significant areas where knowledge about RRV is lacking and further research is necessary. These research gaps cover areas like RRV infection, epidemiology, diagnostics, and therapeutics in both humans and horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Yuen KY, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. (2021). Ross River Virus Infection: A Cross-Disciplinary Review with a Veterinary Perspective. Pathogens, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030357

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 3

Researcher Affiliations

Yuen, Ka Y
  • School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle
  • School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
  • School of Chemistry and Molecular Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
  • Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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