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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Res / Safety and immunogenicity of a delta inulin-adjuvanted inact...
Veterinary research2014; 45(1); 130; doi: 10.1186/s13567-014-0130-7

Safety and immunogenicity of a delta inulin-adjuvanted inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine in pregnant mares and foals.

Abstract: In 2011, following severe flooding in Eastern Australia, an unprecedented epidemic of equine encephalitis occurred in South-Eastern Australia, caused by Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) and a new variant strain of Kunjin virus, a subtype of West Nile virus (WNVKUN). This prompted us to assess whether a delta inulin-adjuvanted, inactivated cell culture-derived Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine (JE-ADVAX™) could be used in horses, including pregnant mares and foals, to not only induce immunity to JEV, but also elicit cross-protective antibodies against MVEV and WNVKUN. Foals, 74-152 days old, received two injections of JE-ADVAX™. The vaccine was safe and well-tolerated and induced a strong JEV-neutralizing antibody response in all foals. MVEV and WNVKUN antibody cross-reactivity was seen in 33% and 42% of the immunized foals, respectively. JE-ADVAX™ was also safe and well-tolerated in pregnant mares and induced high JEV-neutralizing titers. The neutralizing activity was passively transferred to their foals via colostrum. Foals that acquired passive immunity to JEV via maternal antibodies then were immunized with JE-ADVAX™ at 36-83 days of age, showed evidence of maternal antibody interference with low peak antibody titers post-immunization when compared to immunized foals of JEV-naïve dams. Nevertheless, when given a single JE-ADVAX™ booster immunization as yearlings, these animals developed a rapid and robust JEV-neutralizing antibody response, indicating that they were successfully primed to JEV when immunized as foals, despite the presence of maternal antibodies. Overall, JE-ADVAX™ appears safe and well-tolerated in pregnant mares and young foals and induces protective levels of JEV neutralizing antibodies with partial cross-neutralization of MVEV and WNVKUN.
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Publication Date: 2014-12-17 PubMed ID: 25516480PubMed Central: PMC4268807DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0130-7Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study indicates that a vaccine for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), named JE-ADVAX™, has proven to be safe, well-tolerated and immunogenic in both pregnant horses and their foals. The aim of the research was to see if this vaccine could also stimulate cross-protective antibodies against two additional encephalitis viruses, namely Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) and Kunjin virus (WNVKUN).

Immunogenicity of JE-ADVAX™

  • Foals aged between 74 to 152 days received two injections of JE-ADVAX™. The study found that the vaccine triggered a strong JEV-neutralizing antibody response in all the tested foals.
  • The research team observed cross-reactivity of the immune response to both MVEV and WNVKUN viruses in a certain percentage of the vaccinated foals (33% and 42% respectively), suggesting the potential for cross-protection.

Safety and Efficacy in Pregnant Mares

  • The same vaccine administered to pregnant mares proved safe and was well-tolerated.
  • The vaccine induced high levels of JEV-neutralizing antibodies in mares. The neutralizing activity was passively transferred to their offspring through colostrum, the first form of milk produced by mammals providing essential immunity to newborns.

Interference by Maternal Antibodies

  • Foals that received passive immunity to JEV through maternal antibodies were tested. When these foals were then vaccinated with JE-ADVAX™ at an age between 36-83 days, the researchers found evidence of interference from pre-existing maternal antibodies. This was indicated by lower peak antibody levels after vaccination as compared to foals born to JEV-naïve mothers.
  • Despite the presence of maternal antibodies, giving a booster dose of JE-ADVAX™ when these foals reached one year of age elicited a rapid and robust JEV-neutralizing antibody response. This suggests that the foals had been successfully primed to JEV when immunized at a younger age.

Summary Conclusion

  • Overall, the research concluded that JE-ADVAX™ appeared safe and was easily tolerated by both pregnant mares and their foals. It demonstrated the ability to induce protective levels of JEV-neutralizing antibodies.
  • Foals showed successful priming to JEV despite the interference from maternal antibodies, which could be overcome by a booster vaccine later in life.
  • Partial cross-neutralization of the two other studied encephalitis viruses (MVEV and WNVKUN) might suggest potential cross-protection. However, further research would be needed to confirm this.

Cite This Article

APA
Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Prow NA, Wang W, Tan CS, Coyle M, Douma A, Hobson-Peters J, Kidd L, Hall RA, Petrovsky N. (2014). Safety and immunogenicity of a delta inulin-adjuvanted inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine in pregnant mares and foals. Vet Res, 45(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-014-0130-7

Publication

Veterinary research
ISSN: 1297-9716
NlmUniqueID: 9309551
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 45
Issue: 1
Pages: 130
PII: 130

Researcher Affiliations

Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle
  • School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton 4343, Qld, Australia. h.bielefeldtohmann1@uq.edu.au.
Prow, Natalie A
    Wang, Wenqi
      Tan, Cindy S E
        Coyle, Mitchell
          Douma, Alysha
            Hobson-Peters, Jody
              Kidd, Lisa
                Hall, Roy A
                  Petrovsky, Nikolai

                    MeSH Terms

                    • Adjuvants, Immunologic / administration & dosage
                    • Adjuvants, Immunologic / adverse effects
                    • Adjuvants, Immunologic / pharmacology
                    • Animals
                    • Antibodies, Viral / immunology
                    • Cross Reactions
                    • Encephalitis Virus, Japanese / immunology
                    • Encephalitis, Japanese / prevention & control
                    • Encephalitis, Japanese / veterinary
                    • Encephalitis, Japanese / virology
                    • Female
                    • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
                    • Horse Diseases / virology
                    • Horses
                    • Inulin / administration & dosage
                    • Inulin / adverse effects
                    • Inulin / physiology
                    • Pregnancy
                    • Viral Vaccines / administration & dosage
                    • Viral Vaccines / adverse effects
                    • Viral Vaccines / immunology

                    Grant Funding

                    • HHSN272200800039C / NIAID NIH HHS
                    • HHSN272200800039C / PHS HHS

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