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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Parasitol / Seasonal dynamics of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on horses in th...
Veterinary parasitology2002; 105(1); 65-77; doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00649-5

Seasonal dynamics of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on horses in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Abstract: Natural tick infestations were assessed every 14 days on horses over a 2-year period. Amblyomma cajennense adult ticks were counted individually, without detachment from the horses. Larvae and nymphs of A. cajennense were collected using a rubber scraper that scratched engorged immature ticks from the host. Adult females of Anocentor nitens larger than 4mm length were counted on the horses. Blood samples were also obtained from the horses every 14 days and macroclimatic data were obtained for the study period. Infestations of A. cajennense demonstrated distinct peaks of activity for each of the three parasitic stages over each 12-month period, showing a 1-year generation pattern. Larvae predominated from April to July and nymphs from June to October. Adults predominated from October to March with a greater number of adult males than females. Although other studies on seasonal dynamics in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais were performed with the free-living stages of A. cajennense on pastures, the present study in the state of São Paulo, performed with the parasitic stages of A. cajennense on horses, showed similar results to those observed in other states. Infestations by A. nitens demonstrated distinct peaks of activity of adult females (>4 mm), suggesting different tick generations during the year. Infestation with A. nitens was much higher in the first year than the second year which may have been related to horse nutritional status and stocking rate. Although several climatic variables showed statistical significant correlation (r) with tick counts, the determination coefficients (R(2)) were always lower than 0.40, suggesting that any single significant variable (i.e. mean temperature) would not explain the tick distribution pattern over the year. The highest peaks of A. nitens females (>4 mm) were significantly associated with decrease in horse packed cell volumes (R(2)=0.603). The ears and the perineum, tail and groin region accounted for around 70% of all A. nitens females counted on the horses.
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Publication Date: 2002-03-07 PubMed ID: 11879967DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00649-5Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article examines the seasonal patterns and behaviors of two tick species (Amblyomma cajennense and Anocentor nitens) infesting horses in São Paulo, Brazil. The findings showed variations in infestations of the tick stages throughout the year and observational differences in tick presence in different years, possibly due to changes in horse health and local environment.

Methodology

  • The researchers examined tick infestations on horses over a two-year period, with sample collections every 14 days.
  • Ticks were identified and counted without being removed from the horses. They notably monitored three parasitic stages (larvae, nymphs, and adults) of the Amblyomma cajennense tick.
  • The Anocentor nitens ticks were also identified if they were adult females longer than 4mm.
  • The team collected blood samples from the horses simultaneously with each tick collection, and macroclimatic data from the area was recorded during the study period.

Observations and Findings

  • The Amblyomma cajennense demonstrated clear patterns of activity with each of the parasitic stages over a one-year generation pattern.
    • Larvae were most common from April to July.
    • Nymphs dominated from June to October.
    • Adults were more frequent from October to March, with adult males outnumbering females.
  • The Anocentor nitens ticks showed varied activity peaks, with more female adults seen, suggesting multiple generations throughout the year.
  • Infestations of Anocentor nitens were higher in the first year than in the second which suggests factors such as the horses’ nutritional status and stocking rates may influence tick populations.

Correlation with Climatic Conditions and Horse Health

  • Climatic variables displayed significant correlations with tick counts; however, the determination coefficients were less than 0.40. This suggests that a single climatic variable, such as mean temperature, doesn’t fully explain the tick distribution patterns over the year.
  • The highest peaks of Anocentor nitens tick infestations were significantly associated with a decrease in horse packed cell volumes, which is an indicator of horse health.
  • Approximately 70% of all counted Anocentor nitens female ticks were found on specific areas of the horses, namely the ears and the perineum, tail, and groin region.

Comparison with Previous Studies

  • While similar studies had been conducted in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais focusing on the free-living stages of Amblyomma cajennense on pastures, this study observed the parasitic stages on horses and found that the results were aligning.

Cite This Article

APA
Labruna MB, Kasai N, Ferreira F, Faccini JL, Gennari SM. (2002). Seasonal dynamics of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on horses in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Vet Parasitol, 105(1), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00649-5

Publication

Veterinary parasitology
ISSN: 0304-4017
NlmUniqueID: 7602745
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 105
Issue: 1
Pages: 65-77

Researcher Affiliations

Labruna, Marcelo B
  • Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 Cidade Universitária, SP 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil. labruna@usp.br
Kasai, Nobuko
    Ferreira, Fernando
      Faccini, João L H
        Gennari, Solange M

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Brazil / epidemiology
          • Female
          • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
          • Horse Diseases / parasitology
          • Horses
          • Ixodidae / physiology
          • Longitudinal Studies
          • Male
          • Population Dynamics
          • Seasons
          • Tick Infestations / epidemiology
          • Tick Infestations / parasitology
          • Tick Infestations / veterinary

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