FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]2021; 52(2); 1021-1027; doi: 10.1007/s42770-021-00474-7

Serologic evidence of West Nile virus and Saint Louis encephalitis virus in horses from Southern Brazil.

Abstract: Flaviviruses as West Nile virus (WNV), Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), Ilhéus virus (ILHV), and Rocio virus (ROCV) are previously reported in different Brazilian regions, but studies in Southern Brazil are still scarce. To improve the information regarding flaviviruses in Southern Brazil, horse serum samples were analyzed using RT-qPCR and a commercial ELISA-Ab against WNV followed by PRNT. All 1000 samples analyzed by real-time RT-PCR resulted negative. The 465 subsampled samples were analyzed by a commercial ELISA-Ab against WNV, and the 18.5% (86/465) positive samples were further analyzed by PRNT. In the PRNT, 13/86 and 2/86 horses were positive for SLEV and WNV, respectively. It was observed that 5.8% (13/226) of the farms presented at least one positive animal for SLEV in PRNT, whereas 0.9% (2/226) for WNV. Apart from the lower seroprevalences identified when compared to data previously reported in other Brazilian regions, our results suggest that public health professionals must be aware of the presence of these potential zoonotic pathogens.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-04-02 PubMed ID: 33797731PubMed Central: PMC8105465DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00474-7Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study is about the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) in horses in Southern Brazil.

Objective of the Study

The objective of the study was to understand the prevalence of certain flaviviruses like West Nile Virus (WNV), Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus (SLEV), ILhéus Virus (ILHV), and Rocio virus (ROCV) in horses in southern Brazil. These viruses are already known to exist in other regions of Brazil but there is limited information available on the situation in southern Brazil.

Methodology Used

  • The research was conducted by collecting horse serum samples, which were then analyzed using real-time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) and a commercial ELISA-Ab (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) against West Nile Virus.
  • The RT-qPCR technique is a laboratory technique used to detect, quantify, and study RNA and its expressions.
  • Next, the research employed a method called Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) on those samples that tested positive in ELISA.
  • PRNT is a specific type of neutralizing test that measures the ability of specific antibodies in the serum of a previously infected host to neutralize viral infectivity.

Results of the Research

  • All 1000 samples analyzed using RT-qPCR did not result in any positive results for the presence of the viruses.
  • However, when a subsample of 465 samples was analyzed using ELISA against WNV, 18.5% (86 samples) tested positive.
  • These positive samples were further subjected to PRNT, and it was found that 13 out of 86 horses were positive for SLEV and 2 out of 86 horses were positive for WNV.
  • The results indicate that 5.8% of the farms had at least one horse carrying SLEV, while 0.9% of the farms had at least one horse carrying WNV.

Conclusion

The conclusion based on the research findings indicates that even though the presence of these viruses in the region is lower than what was previously reported in other Brazilian regions, there is still a need for public health professionals to stay cautious, given the zoonotic nature of these pathogens. Zoonotic pathogens can transfer diseases from animals to humans. The research implies that there is a need for continued surveillance of these viruses in the wildlife populations to prevent potential outbreaks.

Cite This Article

APA
Weber MN, Mosena ACS, Baumbach LF, da Silva MS, Canova R, Dos Santos DRL, Budaszewski RDF, de Oliveira LV, Soane MM, Saraiva NB, Bellucco FT, Mazurek BA, Diehl GN, Gil LHVG, Borba MR, Corbellini LG, Canal CW. (2021). Serologic evidence of West Nile virus and Saint Louis encephalitis virus in horses from Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol, 52(2), 1021-1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-021-00474-7

Publication

Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]
ISSN: 1678-4405
NlmUniqueID: 101095924
Country: Brazil
Language: English
Volume: 52
Issue: 2
Pages: 1021-1027

Researcher Affiliations

Weber, Matheus N
  • Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil. matheusnweber@gmail.com.
Mosena, Ana C S
  • Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Baumbach, Letícia F
  • Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
da Silva, Mariana S
  • Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Canova, Raíssa
  • Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Dos Santos, Débora R L
  • Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
Budaszewski, Renata da F
  • Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
de Oliveira, Livia V
  • Instituto Ageu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil.
Soane, Michel M
  • EUROIMMUN Brazil, São Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil.
Saraiva, Natália B
  • EUROIMMUN Brazil, São Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil.
Bellucco, Fernanda T
  • EUROIMMUN Brazil, São Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil.
Mazurek, Bruno Amaral
  • EUROIMMUN Brazil, São Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil.
Diehl, Gustavo N
  • Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural do Rio Grande do Sul (SEAPDR-RS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Gil, Laura H V G
  • Instituto Ageu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil.
Borba, Mauro R
  • Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Corbellini, Luis G
  • Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Canal, Cláudio W
  • Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Brazil / epidemiology
  • Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis / genetics
  • Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis / immunology
  • Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis / isolation & purification
  • Encephalitis, Arbovirus / blood
  • Encephalitis, Arbovirus / epidemiology
  • Encephalitis, Arbovirus / veterinary
  • Encephalitis, Arbovirus / virology
  • Flavivirus Infections / blood
  • Flavivirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Flavivirus Infections / veterinary
  • Flavivirus Infections / virology
  • Geography
  • Horse Diseases / blood
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • RNA, Viral / genetics
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • West Nile virus / genetics
  • West Nile virus / immunology
  • West Nile virus / isolation & purification

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing of interests.

References

This article includes 45 references
  1. Simmonds P, Becher P, Bukh J, Gould EA, Meyers G, Monath T, Muerhoff S, Pletnev A, Rico-Hesse R, Smith DB, Stapleton JT, Ictv Report Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae.. J Gen Virol 2017 Jan;98(1):2-3.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000672pmc: PMC5370391pubmed: 28218572google scholar: lookup
  2. Figueiredo LT. The Brazilian flaviviruses.. Microbes Infect 2000 Nov;2(13):1643-9.
    doi: 10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01320-4pubmed: 11113383google scholar: lookup
  3. Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Kenney JL, Couto-Lima D, Campos ZM, Schatzmayr HG, Nogueira RM, Brault AC, Komar N. Ilheus virus isolation in the Pantanal, west-central Brazil.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7(7):e2318.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002318pmc: PMC3715421pubmed: 23875051google scholar: lookup
  4. Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Morales MA, Levis S, Figueiredo LT, Couto-Lima D, Campos Z, Nogueira MF, da Silva EE, Nogueira RM, Schatzmayr HG. Neutralising antibodies for West Nile virus in horses from Brazilian Pantanal.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011 Jun;106(4):467-74.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762011000400014pubmed: 21739036google scholar: lookup
  5. Silva JR, Romeiro MF, Souza WM, Munhoz TD, Borges GP, Soares OA, Campos CH, Machado RZ, Silva ML, Faria JL, Chávez JH, Figueiredo LT. A Saint Louis encephalitis and Rocio virus serosurvey in Brazilian horses.. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014 Jul;47(4):414-7.
    doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0117-2014pubmed: 25229279google scholar: lookup
  6. Amarilla AA, Fumagalli MJ, Figueiredo ML, Lima-Junior DS, Santos-Junior NN, Alfonso HL, Lippi V, Trabuco AC, Lauretti F, Muller VD, Colón DF, Luiz JPM, Suhrbier A, Setoh YX, Khromykh AA, Figueiredo LTM, Aquino VH. Ilheus and Saint Louis encephalitis viruses elicit cross-protection against a lethal Rocio virus challenge in mice.. PLoS One 2018;13(6):e0199071.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199071pmc: PMC5999289pubmed: 29897990google scholar: lookup
  7. Rappole JH, Derrickson SR, Hubálek Z. Migratory birds and spread of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere.. Emerg Infect Dis 2000 Jul-Aug;6(4):319-28.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0604.000401pmc: PMC2640881pubmed: 10905964google scholar: lookup
  8. Chancey C, Grinev A, Volkova E, Rios M. The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus.. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:376230.
    doi: 10.1155/2015/376230pmc: PMC4383390pubmed: 25866777google scholar: lookup
  9. Mondini A, Cardeal IL, Lázaro E, Nunes SH, Moreira CC, Rahal P, Maia IL, Franco C, Góngora DV, Góngora-Rubio F, Cabrera EM, Figueiredo LT, da Fonseca FG, Bronzoni RV, Chiaravalloti-Neto F, Nogueira ML. Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Brazil.. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Jan;13(1):176-8.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1301.060905pmc: PMC2725838pubmed: 17370543google scholar: lookup
  10. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J. West Nile fever--a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe.. Emerg Infect Dis 1999 Sep-Oct;5(5):643-50.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0505.990505pmc: PMC2627720pubmed: 10511520google scholar: lookup
  11. Castillo-Olivares J, Wood J. West Nile virus infection of horses.. Vet Res 2004 Jul-Aug;35(4):467-83.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2004022pubmed: 15236677google scholar: lookup
  12. Kulasekera VL, Kramer L, Nasci RS, Mostashari F, Cherry B, Trock SC, Glaser C, Miller JR. West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, New York, 2000.. Emerg Infect Dis 2001 Jul-Aug;7(4):722-5.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0704.017421pmc: PMC2631749pubmed: 11589172google scholar: lookup
  13. Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang GJ. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus.. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Jan;10(1):82-6.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1001.020616pmc: PMC3322759pubmed: 15078601google scholar: lookup
  14. Klenk K, Snow J, Morgan K, Bowen R, Stephens M, Foster F, Gordy P, Beckett S, Komar N, Gubler D, Bunning M. Alligators as West Nile virus amplifiers.. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Dec;10(12):2150-5.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1012.040264pmc: PMC3323409pubmed: 15663852google scholar: lookup
  15. Colpitts TM, Conway MJ, Montgomery RR, Fikrig E. West Nile Virus: biology, transmission, and human infection.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012 Oct;25(4):635-48.
    doi: 10.1128/CMR.00045-12pmc: PMC3485754pubmed: 23034323google scholar: lookup
  16. Angenvoort J, Brault AC, Bowen RA, Groschup MH. West Nile viral infection of equids.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):168-80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040pmc: PMC4581842pubmed: 24035480google scholar: lookup
  17. Melandri V, Guimarães AÉ, Komar N, Nogueira ML, Mondini A, Fernandez-Sesma A, Alencar J, Bosch I. Serological detection of West Nile virus in horses and chicken from Pantanal, Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012 Dec;107(8):1073-5.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762012000800020pmc: PMC4782916pubmed: 23295763google scholar: lookup
  18. Ometto T, Durigon EL, de Araujo J, Aprelon R, de Aguiar DM, Cavalcante GT, Melo RM, Levi JE, de Azevedo Júnior SM, Petry MV, Neto IS, Serafini P, Villalobos E, Cunha EM, Lara Mdo C, Nava AF, Nardi MS, Hurtado R, Rodrigues R, Sherer AL, Sherer Jde F, Geraldi MP, de Seixas MM, Peterka C, Bandeira Dde S, Pradel J, Vachiery N, Labruna MB, de Camargo LM, Lanciotti R, Lefrançois T. West Nile virus surveillance, Brazil, 2008-2010.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013 Nov;107(11):723-30.
    doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trt081pubmed: 24008895google scholar: lookup
  19. Figueiredo LTM. West Nile virus infection in Brazil.. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019 May 30;52:e20190226.
    doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0226-2019pubmed: 31166492google scholar: lookup
  20. Adrián Diaz L, Komar N, Visintin A, Dantur Juri MJ, Stein M, Lobo Allende R, Spinsanti L, Konigheim B, Aguilar J, Laurito M, Almirón W, Contigiani M. West Nile virus in birds, Argentina.. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Apr;14(4):689-91.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1404.071257pmc: PMC2570931pubmed: 18394305google scholar: lookup
  21. Spinsanti L, Basquiera AL, Bulacio S, Somale V, Kim SC, Ré V, Rabbat D, Zárate A, Zlocowski JC, Mayor CQ, Contigiani M, Palacio S. St. Louis encephalitis in Argentina: the first case reported in the last seventeen years.. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Feb;9(2):271-3.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0902.020301pmc: PMC2901953pubmed: 12604006google scholar: lookup
  22. Paz S. Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global context.. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015 Apr 5;370(1665).
    doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0561pmc: PMC4342965pubmed: 25688020google scholar: lookup
  23. Vieira MA, Romano AP, Borba AS, Silva EV, Chiang JO, Eulálio KD, Azevedo RS, Rodrigues SG, Almeida-Neto WS, Vasconcelos PF. West Nile Virus Encephalitis: The First Human Case Recorded in Brazil.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015 Aug;93(2):377-9.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0170pmc: PMC4530764pubmed: 26055749google scholar: lookup
  24. Bayeux JJM, Silva ASG, Queiroz GA. Epidemiological surveillance of West Nile virus in the world and Brazil : relevance of equine surveillance in the context of “ One Health .. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2019;56:e164335.
    doi: 10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2019.164335google scholar: lookup
  25. Martins LC, Silva EVPD, Casseb LMN, Silva SPD, Cruz ACR, Pantoja JAS, Medeiros DBA, Martins Filho AJ, Cruz EDRMD, Araújo MTF, Cardoso JF, Cunha MACRD, Almada GL, Romano APM, Santos MGDP, Rodrigues GAP, Chiang JO, Quaresma JAS, Carvalho VL, Vasconcelos PFDC. First isolation of West Nile virus in Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019 Jan 17;114:e180332.
    doi: 10.1590/0074-02760180332pmc: PMC6343470pubmed: 30672980google scholar: lookup
  26. Gossner CM, Marrama L, Carson M, Allerberger F, Calistri P, Dilaveris D, Lecollinet S, Morgan D, Nowotny N, Paty MC, Pervanidou D, Rizzo C, Roberts H, Schmoll F, Van Bortel W, Gervelmeyer A. West Nile virus surveillance in Europe: moving towards an integrated animal-human-vector approach.. Euro Surveill 2017 May 4;22(18).
    doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.18.30526pmc: PMC5434877pubmed: 28494844google scholar: lookup
  27. Paternoster G, Babo Martins S, Mattivi A, Cagarelli R, Angelini P, Bellini R, Santi A, Galletti G, Pupella S, Marano G, Copello F, Rushton J, Stärk KDC, Tamba M. Economics of One Health: Costs and benefits of integrated West Nile virus surveillance in Emilia-Romagna.. PLoS One 2017;12(11):e0188156.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188156pmc: PMC5703535pubmed: 29176851google scholar: lookup
  28. Pereira LE, Suzuki A, Coimbra TL, de Souza RP, Chamelet EL. [Ilheus arbovirus in wild birds (Sporophila caerulescens and Molothrus bonariensis)].. Rev Saude Publica 2001 Apr;35(2):119-23.
    doi: 10.1590/s0034-89102001000200003pubmed: 11359196google scholar: lookup
  29. Neves A d S, Machado CJ. A reemergência do vírus Rocio no Brasil. Rev da Fac Ciências Médicas Sorocaba 2016;18:61–62.
    doi: 10.5327/z1984-4840201623881google scholar: lookup
  30. Heinen LB, Zuchi N, Serra OP, Cardoso BF, Gondim BH, Dos Santos MA, Souto FJ, Paula DA, Dutra V, Dezengrini-Slhessarenko R. SAINT LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN MATO GROSSO, CENTRAL-WESTERN BRAZIL.. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015 May-Jun;57(3):215-20.
    doi: 10.1590/S0036-46652015000300006pmc: PMC4544245pubmed: 26200961google scholar: lookup
  31. Milhim BHGA, Estofolete CF, Rocha LCD, Liso E, Brienze VMS, Vasilakis N, Terzian ACB, Nogueira ML. Fatal Outcome of Ilheus Virus in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Patient Diagnosed with Encephalitis.. Viruses 2020 Aug 29;12(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v12090957pmc: PMC7552055pubmed: 32872425google scholar: lookup
  32. de Campos CHC, Borges GP, Baldani CD. Epidemiological surveillance of West Nile virus in the world and Brazil: relevance of equine surveillance in the context of One Health. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015;108:921–923.
    doi: 10.1590/0074-0276130052google scholar: lookup
  33. Morel AP, Webster A, Zitelli LC, Umeno K, Souza UA, Prusch F, Anicet M, Marsicano G, Bandarra P, Trainini G, Stocker J, Giani D, Fortes FB, Goenaga S, Reck J. Serosurvey of West Nile virus (WNV) in free-ranging raptors from Brazil.. Braz J Microbiol 2021 Mar;52(1):411-418.
    doi: 10.1007/s42770-020-00393-zpmc: PMC7966667pubmed: 33108590google scholar: lookup
  34. Johnson N, Wakeley PR, Mansfield KL, McCracken F, Haxton B, Phipps LP, Fooks AR. Assessment of a novel real-time pan-flavivirus RT-polymerase chain reaction.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010 Oct;10(7):665-71.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0210pubmed: 20854019google scholar: lookup
  35. Cannon RM, Roe RT. Livestock disease surveys: a field manual for veterinarians. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service; 1982.
  36. Martin SW, Shoukri M, Thoburn M. Evaluating the test status of herds based on tests applied to individuals. Prev Vet Med 1992;14:33–43.
    doi: 10.1016/0167-5877(92)90082-Qgoogle scholar: lookup
  37. Roehrig JT, Hombach J, Barrett AD. Guidelines for Plaque-Reduction Neutralization Testing of Human Antibodies to Dengue Viruses.. Viral Immunol 2008 Jun;21(2):123-32.
    doi: 10.1089/vim.2008.0007pubmed: 18476771google scholar: lookup
  38. Alonso-Padilla J, Loza-Rubio E, Escribano-Romero E, Córdoba L, Cuevas S, Mejía F, Calderón R, Milián F, Travassos Da Rosa A, Weaver SC, Estrada-Franco JG, Saiz JC. The continuous spread of West Nile virus (WNV): seroprevalence in asymptomatic horses.. Epidemiol Infect 2009 Aug;137(8):1163-8.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268809002325pubmed: 19288961google scholar: lookup
  39. Saxena SK, Elahi A, Gadugu S, Prasad AK. Zika virus outbreak: an overview of the experimental therapeutics and treatment.. Virusdisease 2016 Jun;27(2):111-5.
    doi: 10.1007/s13337-016-0307-ypmc: PMC4909003pubmed: 27366760google scholar: lookup
  40. Dalla Vecchia A, Beltrame V, D’Agostini FM. An overview of dengue in the southern region of Brazil from 2001 to 2017. Cogitare Enferm 2018;23:e53782.
    doi: 10.5380/ce.v23i3.53782google scholar: lookup
  41. Gregianini TS, Ranieri T, Favreto C, Nunes ZMA, Tumioto Giannini GL, Sanberg ND, da Rosa MTM, da Veiga ABG. Emerging arboviruses in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Chikungunya and Zika outbreaks, 2014-2016.. Rev Med Virol 2017 Nov;27(6).
    doi: 10.1002/rmv.1943pubmed: 28929534google scholar: lookup
  42. Vasconcelos PF. Yellow fever in Brazil: thoughts and hypotheses on the emergence in previously free areas.. Rev Saude Publica 2010 Dec;44(6):1144-9.
    doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102010005000046pubmed: 21109907google scholar: lookup
  43. Burgueño A, Spinsanti L, Díaz LA, Rivarola ME, Arbiza J, Contigiani M, Delfraro A. Seroprevalence of St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus (Flavivirus, Flaviviridae) in horses, Uruguay.. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:582957.
    doi: 10.1155/2013/582957pmc: PMC3891745pubmed: 24490165google scholar: lookup
  44. Morales MA, Barrandeguy M, Fabbri C, Garcia JB, Vissani A, Trono K, Gutierrez G, Pigretti S, Menchaca H, Garrido N, Taylor N, Fernandez F, Levis S, Enría D. West Nile virus isolation from equines in Argentina, 2006.. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Oct;12(10):1559-61.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1210.060852pmc: PMC3290965pubmed: 17176571google scholar: lookup
  45. Diaz LA, Ré V, Almirón WR, Farías A, Vázquez A, Sanchez-Seco MP, Aguilar J, Spinsanti L, Konigheim B, Visintin A, Garciá J, Morales MA, Tenorio A, Contigiani M. Genotype III Saint Louis encephalitis virus outbreak, Argentina, 2005.. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Nov;12(11):1752-4.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1211.060486pmc: PMC3372344pubmed: 17283629google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Chalhoub FLL, Horta MAP, Alcantara LCJ, Morales A, Dos Santos LMB, Guerra-Campos V, Rodrigues CDS, Santos CC, Mares-Guia MAM, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, de Filippis AMB. Serological Evidence of Exposure to Saint Louis Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses in Horses of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Viruses 2022 Nov 6;14(11).
    doi: 10.3390/v14112459pubmed: 36366557google scholar: lookup
  2. Fritsch H, Pereira FM, Costa EA, Fonseca V, Tosta S, Xavier J, Levy F, Oliveira C, Menezes G, Lima J, Santos L, Silva L, Nardy V, Astete MKG, Santos BSÁDS, Aguiar NR, Guedes MIMC, Faria GC, Furtini R, Drumond SRM, Cunha GM, Souza MSPL, Jesus R, Guimarães SAF, Nuno IC, Santana ICB, Sá JEU, Santos GR, Silva WS, Guedes TF, Araújo ELL, Said RFDC, Albuquerque CFC, Peterka CRL, Romano APM, Cunha RVD, Filippis AMB, Leal E Silva de Mello A, Giovanetti M, Alcantara LCJ. Retrospective Investigation in Horses with Encephalitis Reveals Unnoticed Circulation of West Nile Virus in Brazil. Viruses 2022 Jul 14;14(7).
    doi: 10.3390/v14071540pubmed: 35891521google scholar: lookup
  3. Löwen Levy Chalhoub F, Maia de Queiroz-Júnior E, Holanda Duarte B, Eielson Pinheiro de Sá M, Cerqueira Lima P, Carneiro de Oliveira A, Medeiros Neves Casseb L, Leal das Chagas L, Antônio de Oliveira Monteiro H, Sebastião Alberto Santos Neves M, Facundo Chaves C, Jean da Silva Moura P, Machado Rapello do Nascimento A, Giesbrecht Pinheiro R, Roberio Soares Vieira A, Bergson Pinheiro Moura F, Osvaldo Rodrigues da Silva L, Nogueira Farias da Escóssia K, Caranha de Sousa L, Leticia Cavalcante Ramalho I, Williams Lopes da Silva A, Maria Simōes Mello L, Felix de Souza F, das Chagas Almeida F, Dos Santos Rodrigues R, do Vale Chagas D, Ferreira-de-Brito A, Ribeiro Leite Jardim Cavalcante K, Angélica Monteiro de Mello Mares-Guia M, Martins Guerra Campos V, Rodrigues da Costa Faria N, Adriano da Cunha E Silva Vieira M, Cesar Lima de Mendonça M, Camila Amorim de Alvarenga Pivisan N, de Oliveira Moreno J, Aldessandra Diniz Vieira M, Gonçalves de Aguiar Gomes R, Montenegro de Carvalho Araújo F, Henrique de Oliveira Passos P, Garkauskas Ramos D, Pecego Martins Romano A, Carício Martins L, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Maria Bispo de Filippis A, Pauvolid-Corrêa A. West Nile Virus in the State of Ceará, Northeast Brazil. Microorganisms 2021 Aug 10;9(8).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9081699pubmed: 34442778google scholar: lookup
  4. Lobato OL, Nogueira TDS, Lima TET, Andrade FJDC, de Macedo MGG, Pereira RS, Xavier J, Amorim MR, Barbosa PP, da Rocha AS, Silva SDC, Alcantara LCJ, de Souza WM, Proenca-Modena JL, Costa ÉA, Lima Neto AS, Feitosa LCS, Pires E Cruz MDS, Silva SMMS, Baêta SAF, Vieira MADCES, Deem SL, Catenacci LS. Orthoflavivirus nilense surveillance in the State of Piauí, northeastern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2025;120:e240218.
    doi: 10.1590/0074-027602402180pubmed: 40638500google scholar: lookup
  5. Rusenova N, Rusenov A. First Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Circulation Among Dogs in the Bulgarian Danube Region and Analysis of Some Risk Factors. Vet Sci 2025 Apr 16;12(4).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12040373pubmed: 40284875google scholar: lookup
  6. Hossain MS, Vogt MB, Hawks SA, Coutermarsh-Ott SL, Duggal NK. Cross-protection against St. Louis encephalitis virus and Usutu virus by West Nile virus convalescent plasma. Virology 2025 Jul;608:110555.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110555pubmed: 40273513google scholar: lookup
  7. Dye-Braumuller KC, Prisco RA, Nolan MS. (Re)Emerging Arboviruses of Public Health Significance in the Brazilian Amazon. Microorganisms 2025 Mar 12;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13030650pubmed: 40142542google scholar: lookup
  8. Almeida PR, Weber MN, Sonne L, Spilki FR. Aedes-borne orthoflavivirus infections in neotropical primates - Ecology, susceptibility, and pathogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023 Nov;248(22):2030-2038.
    doi: 10.1177/15353702231220659pubmed: 38230520google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.