Serologic response of horses to the structural proteins of equine arteritis virus.
Abstract: Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis, an apparently emerging disease of equids. In this study, the antibody response of horses to the structural proteins of EAV was evaluated using gradient-purified EAV virions and baculovirus-expressed recombinant EAV structural proteins (G(L), G(S), M, N) as antigens in a Western immunoblotting assay. Thirty-three sera from horses that previously had been naturally or experimentally infected with EAV were evaluated, including samples from mares, geldings, and both persistently and nonpersistently infected stallions. Sera also were evaluated from 4 horses that had been vaccinated with the commercial modified live EAV vaccine. The data suggest that the serologic response of individual horses to EAV may vary with the infecting virus strain and duration of infection. The M protein was most consistently recognized by the various serum samples, whereas the response to the N and G(L) proteins was variable and the G(S) protein was bound by only 1 serum sample. The immunoblotting assay definitively established the protein specificity of the humoral response of horses to EAV; however, it clearly is less sensitive than the standard serum neutralization (SN) test--2 of the 37 sera that were seropositive by the SN test failed to react in the immunoblot assay with any EAV structural protein. Furthermore, the G(L) protein expresses the known neutralization determinants of EAV, yet only 22 of the 37 sera that had SN antibodies bound the G(L) protein in the immunoblotting assay. Information from this study will assist ongoing efforts to develop improved methods for the serologic diagnosis of EAV infection of horses.
Publication Date: 1998-07-31 PubMed ID: 9683071DOI: 10.1177/104063879801000302Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Research Support
- U.S. Gov't
- Non-P.H.S.
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research paper investigates the antibody response of horses to the structural proteins of Equine arteritis virus (EAV), a disease-causing agent in horses. Through the use of specific testing, the paper suggests that response to the virus may vary dependent on the strain and length of infection, and that the available diagnostic methods may not be fully sensitive.
Research Methodology and Findings
- The study used gradient-purified EAV virions and baculovirus-expressed recombinant EAV structural proteins as antigens in a Western immunoblotting assay to examine the antibody response of horses.
- The researchers used sera from 33 horses previously infected either naturally or experimentally with EAV including mares, geldings, and both persistently and nonpersistently infected stallions. In addition, 4 horses vaccinated with a commercial EAV vaccine were also investigated.
- The data indicated that a horse’s serologic response to EAV might vary depending on the virus strain and the length of the infection.
- The structural protein M was most consistently recognized by the horse serum samples, while the responses to the N and GL proteins varied. Only one sample was bound by the GS protein.
- While the immunoblotting assay confirmed the protein specificity of horses’ humoral response to EAV, it was found to be less sensitive than the standard serum neutralization (SN) test.
- Two of the 37 sera samples that were seropositive through the SN test failed to react on the immunoblot assay with any EAV structural protein. Despite the GL protein expressing EAV neutralization determinants, only 22 out of the 37 sera with SN antibodies bound the GL protein in the assay.
Conclusion and Significance
- The research’s findings will contribute towards bettering the understanding of horses’ antibody response to EAV, especially in relation to the response to different virus strains and infection durations.
- The limitations observed with the immunoblotting assay compared to the standard SN test shed light on potential areas of improvement for diagnostic methods.
- Ultimately, the knowledge from this study will aid in the development of improved methods for serologic diagnosis of EAV infection in horses, leading to better disease control and prevention strategies.
Cite This Article
APA
MacLachlan NJ, Balasuriya UB, Hedges JF, Schweidler TM, McCollum WH, Timoney PJ, Hullinger PJ, Patton JF.
(1998).
Serologic response of horses to the structural proteins of equine arteritis virus.
J Vet Diagn Invest, 10(3), 229-236.
https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879801000302 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / blood
- Antibody Formation
- Antigens, Viral / genetics
- Antigens, Viral / immunology
- Arterivirus Infections / immunology
- Arterivirus Infections / prevention & control
- Arterivirus Infections / veterinary
- DNA Primers
- Equartevirus / genetics
- Equartevirus / immunology
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horses
- Open Reading Frames
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Recombinant Proteins / immunology
- Viral Structural Proteins / genetics
- Viral Structural Proteins / immunology
- Viral Vaccines
- Virion / immunology
Citations
This article has been cited 21 times.- Mayers J, Westcott D, Steinbach F. Identification of Equine Arteritis Virus Immunodominant Epitopes Using a Peptide Microarray. Viruses 2022 Aug 26;14(9).
- Carossino M, Wagner B, Loynachan AT, Cook RF, Canisso IF, Chelvarajan L, Edwards CL, Nam B, Timoney JF, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2017 Oct;24(10).
- Oudshoorn D, van der Hoeven B, Limpens RW, Beugeling C, Snijder EJ, Bárcena M, Kikkert M. Antiviral Innate Immune Response Interferes with the Formation of Replication-Associated Membrane Structures Induced by a Positive-Strand RNA Virus. mBio 2016 Dec 6;7(6).
- Balasuriya UB, Go YY, MacLachlan NJ. Equine arteritis virus. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):93-122.
- de Wilde AH, Li Y, van der Meer Y, Vuagniaux G, Lysek R, Fang Y, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ. Cyclophilin inhibitors block arterivirus replication by interfering with viral RNA synthesis. J Virol 2013 Feb;87(3):1454-64.
- Zhang J, Go YY, Huang CM, Meade BJ, Lu Z, Snijder EJ, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. Development and characterization of an infectious cDNA clone of the modified live virus vaccine strain of equine arteritis virus. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012 Aug;19(8):1312-21.
- Knoops K, Bárcena M, Limpens RW, Koster AJ, Mommaas AM, Snijder EJ. Ultrastructural characterization of arterivirus replication structures: reshaping the endoplasmic reticulum to accommodate viral RNA synthesis. J Virol 2012 Mar;86(5):2474-87.
- Go YY, Snijder EJ, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. Characterization of equine humoral antibody response to the nonstructural proteins of equine arteritis virus. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011 Feb;18(2):268-79.
- Zhang J, Stein DA, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. Curing of HeLa cells persistently infected with equine arteritis virus by a peptide-conjugated morpholino oligomer. Virus Res 2010 Jun;150(1-2):138-42.
- Nedialkova DD, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ. Arterivirus Nsp1 modulates the accumulation of minus-strand templates to control the relative abundance of viral mRNAs. PLoS Pathog 2010 Feb 19;6(2):e1000772.
- Zhang J, Timoney PJ, MacLachlan NJ, McCollum WH, Balasuriya UB. Persistent equine arteritis virus infection in HeLa cells. J Virol 2008 Sep;82(17):8456-64.
- Go YY, Wong SJ, Branscum AJ, Demarest VL, Shuck KM, Vickers ML, Zhang J, McCollum WH, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. Development of a fluorescent-microsphere immunoassay for detection of antibodies specific to equine arteritis virus and comparison with the virus neutralization test. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008 Jan;15(1):76-87.
- Tijms MA, Nedialkova DD, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ. Arterivirus subgenomic mRNA synthesis and virion biogenesis depend on the multifunctional nsp1 autoprotease. J Virol 2007 Oct;81(19):10496-505.
- Seybert A, Posthuma CC, van Dinten LC, Snijder EJ, Gorbalenya AE, Ziebuhr J. A complex zinc finger controls the enzymatic activities of nidovirus helicases. J Virol 2005 Jan;79(2):696-704.
- Jeronimo C, Archambault D. Importance of M-protein C terminus as substrate antigen for serodetection of equine arteritis virus infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002 May;9(3):698-703.
- Tijms MA, van Dinten LC, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ. A zinc finger-containing papain-like protease couples subgenomic mRNA synthesis to genome translation in a positive-stranded RNA virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001 Feb 13;98(4):1889-94.
- Pasternak AO, Gultyaev AP, Spaan WJ, Snijder EJ. Genetic manipulation of arterivirus alternative mRNA leader-body junction sites reveals tight regulation of structural protein expression. J Virol 2000 Dec;74(24):11642-53.
- Balasuriya UB, Heidner HW, Hedges JF, Williams JC, Davis NL, Johnston RE, MacLachlan NJ. Expression of the two major envelope proteins of equine arteritis virus as a heterodimer is necessary for induction of neutralizing antibodies in mice immunized with recombinant Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles. J Virol 2000 Nov;74(22):10623-30.
- Weiland E, Bolz S, Weiland F, Herbst W, Raamsman MJ, Rottier PJ, De Vries AA. Monoclonal antibodies directed against conserved epitopes on the nucleocapsid protein and the major envelope glycoprotein of equine arteritis virus. J Clin Microbiol 2000 Jun;38(6):2065-75.
- van Dinten LC, van Tol H, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ. The predicted metal-binding region of the arterivirus helicase protein is involved in subgenomic mRNA synthesis, genome replication, and virion biogenesis. J Virol 2000 Jun;74(11):5213-23.
- van Marle G, Dobbe JC, Gultyaev AP, Luytjes W, Spaan WJ, Snijder EJ. Arterivirus discontinuous mRNA transcription is guided by base pairing between sense and antisense transcription-regulating sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999 Oct 12;96(21):12056-61.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
