FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of equine science2016; 27(3); 99-105; doi: 10.1294/jes.27.99

Serological evidence of equine influenza virus in horse stables in Kaduna, Nigeria.

Abstract: Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major cause of acute respiratory diseases in horses in most parts of the world that results in severe economic losses. Information on the epidemiology of EIV in tropical Africa is scanty. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the presence of influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) in 284 horse sera in Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria. The ELISA-positive sera were further examined for hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies to two strains each of H3N8 and H7N3 subtypes of influenza A virus. The results showed that antibodies against influenza A virus nucleoprotein were detected in 60.9% (173 of 284) of horses examined by NP-ELISA. Equine H3 and H7 subtypes were detected in 60% (21 of 35) and 20% (7 of 35) of horse sera respectively across the stables. Adequate quarantine of all imported horses, a national equine influenza surveillance plan and an appropriate EIV control program in Nigeria are recommended to safeguard the large horse population.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-09-30 PubMed ID: 27703404PubMed Central: PMC5048356DOI: 10.1294/jes.27.99Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article reports on the prevalence of Equine Influenza Virus (EIV), a common cause of respiratory disease in horses, in horse stables in Kaduna, Nigeria. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the researchers found antibodies that fight against EIV in 60.9% of the tested horses.

Methodology

  • The researchers used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a test that measures immune response in the body, to detect the presence of influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) in horse sera.
  • The horse sera came from 284 horses located in Kaduna State in Northern Nigeria.
  • The ELISA-positive sera were subsequently tested for hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies. These antibodies fight against two strains of influenza A virus, H3N8 and H7N3.

Results and Findings

  • The ELISA test found that influenza A virus antibodies were present in 60.9% of the horses (173 out of 284).
  • Further testing of the ELISA-positive sera showed equine H3 and H7 subtypes in 60% (21/35) and 20% (7/35) of the horse sera respectively.

Recommendations and Conclusions

  • Based on the high prevalence of EIV, the researchers recommended implementing a national equine influenza surveillance plan. This plan would help monitor the spread and impact of EIV in Nigeria.
  • The researchers also suggested introducing an appropriate EIV control program, which would include preventive measures and treatment options for infected horses.
  • To safeguard Nigeria’s large horse population, adequate quarantine of all imported horses was advised. This step would prevent the spread of EIV from other countries into Nigeria.

The study highlights the extent of EIV infections in Nigeria’s horse population and proposes relevant strategies to control its spread. It emphasizes the importance of regular surveillance and improved biosecurity measures in safeguarding the health of horses on a national scale.

Cite This Article

APA
Meseko CA, Ehizibolo DO, Nwokike EC, Wungak YS. (2016). Serological evidence of equine influenza virus in horse stables in Kaduna, Nigeria. J Equine Sci, 27(3), 99-105. https://doi.org/10.1294/jes.27.99

Publication

Journal of equine science
ISSN: 1340-3516
NlmUniqueID: 9503751
Country: Japan
Language: English
Volume: 27
Issue: 3
Pages: 99-105

Researcher Affiliations

Meseko, Clement A
  • Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Nigeria.
Ehizibolo, David O
  • Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Nigeria.
Nwokike, Edith C
  • Equitation Wing, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria.
Wungak, Yiltawe S
  • Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Nigeria.

References

This article includes 45 references
  1. Adeniji J.A., Adu F.D., Baba S.S., Ayoade G.O., Owoade A.A., Tomori O.. Influenza A and B antibodies in pigs and Chicken population in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria.. Trop. Veterinarian 11: 39–45.
  2. Adeyefa C.A.O., McCauley J.W.. Outbreak of equine influenza in polo horses in Ibadan, Nigeria: virus isolation, clinical manifestation and diagnosis.. Vet. Rec. 134: 683–684.
    pubmed: 7941281
  3. Adeyefa C.A.O., Hamblin C., Cullinane A.A., McCauley J.W.. Nationwide serological survey of equine influenza in Nigeria.. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. 49: 24–27.
    pubmed: 8881415
  4. Adeyefa C.A.O., James M.L., McCauley J.W.. Antigenic and genetic analysis of equine influenza viruses from tropical Africa in 1991.. Epidemiol. Infect. 117: 367–374.
    pmc: PMC2271721pubmed: 8870635
  5. Alexander D.J., Brown I.H.. Recent zoonoses caused by influenza A viruses.. Rev. Off. Int. Epizoot. 19: 197–225.
    pubmed: 11189716
  6. Ananthanarayan R., Paniker C.K.. Non-specific inhibitors of influenza viruses in normal sera.. Bull. World Health Organ. 22: 409–419.
    pmc: PMC2555336pubmed: 13793260
  7. Crawford P.C., Dubovi E.J., Castleman W.L., Stephenson I., Gibbs E.P., Chen L., Smith C., Hill R.C., Ferro P., Pompey J., Bright R.A., Medina M.J., Johnson C.M., Olsen C.W., Cox N.J., Klimov A.I., Katz J.M., Donis R.O.. Transmission of equine influenza virus to dogs.. Science 310: 482–485.
    pubmed: 16186182
  8. Gildea S., Fitzpatrick D.A., Cullinane A.. Epidemiological and virological investigations of equine influenza outbreaks in Ireland (2010–2012).. Influenza Other Respi. Viruses 7(Suppl 4): 61–72.
    pmc: PMC5655889pubmed: 24224821
  9. Gildea S., Quinlivan M., Arkins S., Cullinane A.. The molecular epidemiology of equine influenza in Ireland from 2007–2010 and its international significance.. Equine Vet. J. 44: 387–392.
    pubmed: 21978127
  10. Guo Y., Wang M., Zheng G.S., Li W.K., Kawaoka Y., Webster R.G.. Seroepidemiological and molecular evidence for the presence of two H3N8 equine influenza viruses in China in 1993–94.. J. Gen. Virol. 76: 2009–2014.
    pubmed: 7636481
  11. Guthrie A.J., Stevens K.B., Bosman P.P.. The circumstances surrounding the outbreak and spread of equine influenza in South Africa.. Rev. Off. Int. Epizoot. 18: 179–185.
    pubmed: 10190213
  12. Hayward J.J., Dubovi E.J., Scarlett J.M., Janeczko S., Holmes E.C., Parrish C.R.. Microevolution of canine influenza virus in shelters and its molecular epidemiology in the United States.. J. Virol. 84: 12636–12645.
    pmc: PMC3004329pubmed: 20943966
  13. Hsiung G.D.. Diagnostic virology: an illustrated handbook. pp. 26–34, 172.
  14. Kasel J.A., Alford R.H., Knight V., Waddell G.H., Sigel M.M.. Experimental Infection of Human Volunteers with Equine Influenza Virus.. Nature 206: 41–43.
    pubmed: 14334358
  15. Kasel J.A., Fulk R.V., Couch R.B.. Communications. Antigenic relationship between the equine and the Hong Kong human variant of influenza type A2 virus.. J. Immunol. 102: 530–532.
    pubmed: 5812724
  16. Kawaoka Y., Bean W.J., Webster R.G.. Evolution of the hemagglutinin of equine H3 influenza viruses.. Virology 169: 283–292.
    pubmed: 2705299
  17. Laabassi F., Lecouturier F., Amelot G., Gaudaire D., Mamache B., Laugier C., Legrand L., Zientara S., Hans A.. Epidemiology and genetic characterization of H3N8 equine influenza virus responsible for clinical disease in Algeria in 2011.. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 62: 623–631.
    pubmed: 24472362
  18. Larson K.R., Heil G.L., Chambers T.M., Capuano A., White S.K., Gray G.C.. Serological evidence of equine influenza infections among persons with horse exposure, Iowa.. J. Clin. Virol. 67: 78–83.
    pubmed: 25959164
  19. Livesay G.J., O’Neill T., Hannant D., Yadav M.P., Mumford J.A.. The outbreak of equine influenza (H3N8) in the United Kingdom in 1989: diagnostic use of an antigen capture ELISA.. Vet. Rec. 133: 515–519.
    pubmed: 8310627
  20. van Maanen C., Cullinane A.. Equine influenza virus infections: an update.. Vet. Q. 24: 79–94.
    pubmed: 12095083
  21. Meseko C., Olaleye D., Capua I., Cattoli G.. Swine influenza in sub-saharan Africa—current knowledge and emerging insights.. Zoonoses Public Health 61: 229–237.
    pubmed: 23826898
  22. Meseko C.A., Odaibo G.N., Olaleye D.O.. Detection and isolation of 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus in commercial piggery, Lagos Nigeria.. Vet. Microbiol. 168: 197–201.
    pubmed: 24321146
  23. Monne I., Meseko C., Joannis T., Shittu I., Ahmed M., Tassoni L., Fusaro A., Cattoli G.. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in poultry, Nigeria.. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21: 1275–1277.
    pmc: PMC4480409pubmed: 26079193
  24. Newton J.R., Daly J.M., Spencer L., Mumford J.A.. Description of the outbreak of equine influenza (H3N8) in the United Kingdom in 2003, during which recently vaccinated horses in Newmarket developed respiratory disease.. Vet. Rec. 158: 185–192.
    pubmed: 16474051
  25. . Equine Influenza.. .
  26. Olaleye O.D., Omilabu S.A., Baba S.S., Fagbami A.H.. Haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies against strains of influenza A virus in horse and pig sera in Nigeria.. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 34: 365–370.
    pubmed: 2100750
  27. Olusa T.A.O., Adeyefa C.A.O.. Serosurveillance of equine H3 influenza virus in horses in Ibadan, Nigeria.. Trop. Veterinarian 27: 15–19.
  28. Olusa T.A.O., Adegunwa A.K., Aderonmu A.A., Adeyefa C.A.O.. Serologic evidence of equine H7 influenza virus in polo horses in Nigeria.. Sci. World J. 5: 17–19.
  29. Powell D.G., Watkins K.L., Li P.H., Shortridge K.F.. Outbreak of equine influenza among horses in Hong Kong during 1992.. Vet. Rec. 136: 531–536.
    pubmed: 7660556
  30. Sarasola P., Taylor D.J., Love S., McKellar Q.A.. Secondary bacterial infections following an outbreak of equine influenza.. Vet. Rec. 131: 441–442.
    pubmed: 1333669
  31. Satou K., Nishiura H.. Basic reproduction number for equine influenza virus A (H3N8) epidemic in race-horse facilities in Japan, 1971.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 26: 310–316.
  32. Schemann K., Firestone S.M., Taylor M.R., Toribio J.A., Ward M.P., Dhand N.K.. From the horse’s mouth: perceptions of the management of the 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia.. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 59: 503–516.
    pubmed: 22247976
  33. Su S., Wang L., Fu X., He S., Hong M., Zhou P., Lai A., Gray G., Li S.. Equine influenza A (H3N8) virus infection in cats.. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 20: 2096–2099.
    pmc: PMC4257791pubmed: 25417790
  34. Singh G.. Characterization of A/eq-1 virus isolated during the equine influenza epidemic in India.. Acta Virol. 38: 25–26.
    pubmed: 8067310
  35. Sovinova O., Tumova B., Pouska F., Nemec J.. Isolation of a virus causing respiratory disease in horses.. Acta Virol. 2: 52–61.
    pubmed: 13533033
  36. . Equine influenza-USA: (OREGON).. The Horse .
  37. Tu J., Zhou H., Jiang T., Li C., Zhang A., Guo X., Zou W., Chen H., Jin M.. Isolation and molecular characterization of equine H3N8 influenza viruses from pigs in China.. Arch. Virol. 154: 887–890.
    pubmed: 19396578
  38. Tůmová B.. Equine influenza--a segment in influenza virus ecology.. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 3: 45–59.
    pubmed: 6258849
  39. Tůmová B., Easterday B.C., Stumpa A.. Simultaneous occurrence of A-equi-1 and A-equi-2 infleunza viruses in a small group of horses.. Am. J. Epidemiol. 95: 80–87.
    pubmed: 5061699
  40. Virmani N., Bera B.C., Singh B.K., Shanmugasundaram K., Gulati B.R., Barua S., Vaid R.K., Gupta A.K., Singh R.K.. Equine influenza outbreak in India (2008–09): virus isolation, sero-epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of HA gene.. Vet. Microbiol. 143: 224–237.
    pubmed: 20053509
  41. Waddell G.H., Teigland M.B., Sigel M.M.. A new influenza virus associated with equine respiratory disease.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 143: 587–590.
    pubmed: 14077956
  42. Wilson W.D.. Equine influenza.. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 9: 257–282.
    pubmed: 8358645
  43. Wood J., Smith K.C., Daly J.M., Newton J.R.. Viral infections of the equine respiratory tract.. pp.287–326.
  44. Yamanaka T., Niwa H., Tsujimura K., Kondo T., Matsumura T.. Epidemic of equine influenza among vaccinated racehorses in Japan in 2007.. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70: 623–625.
    pubmed: 18628606
  45. Yondon M., Heil G.L., Burks J.P., Zayat B., Waltzek T.B., Jamiyan B.O., McKenzie P.P., Krueger W.S., Friary J.A., Gray G.C.. Isolation and characterization of H3N8 equine influenza A virus associated with the 2011 epizootic in Mongolia.. Influenza Other Respi. Viruses 7: 659–665.
    pmc: PMC3626732pubmed: 23289427

Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Gonzalez-Obando J, Jaimes-Dueñez J, Zuluaga-Cabrera A, Forero JE, Diaz A, Rojas-Arbeláez C, Ruiz-Saenz J. Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza Virus Antibodies in Horses from Four Localities in Colombia. Viruses 2025 Jul 16;17(7).
    doi: 10.3390/v17070999pubmed: 40733615google scholar: lookup
  2. Olufemi OT, Edeh ER, Isyaku MS, Haliru M, Samaila S, Mshelia PW, Owolodun OA, Newton JR, Daly JM. Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria. Pathogens 2022 Nov 17;11(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11111372pubmed: 36422623google scholar: lookup
  3. Kalonda A, Phonera M, Saasa N, Kajihara M, Sutcliffe CG, Sawa H, Takada A, Simulundu E. Influenza A and D Viruses in Non-Human Mammalian Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2021 Dec 2;13(12).
    doi: 10.3390/v13122411pubmed: 34960680google scholar: lookup
  4. Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941pubmed: 30237788google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,850 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.