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Viruses2022; 14(11); 2459; doi: 10.3390/v14112459

Serological Evidence of Exposure to Saint Louis Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses in Horses of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Abstract: Infections with arboviruses are reported worldwide. Saint Louis encephalitis (SLEV) and West Nile (WNV) viruses are closely related flaviviruses affecting humans and animals. SLEV has been sporadically detected in humans, and corresponding antibodies have been frequently detected in horses throughout Brazil. WNV was first reported in western Brazil over a decade ago, has been associated with neurological disorders in humans and equines and its prevalence is increasing nationwide. Herein, we investigated by molecular and serological methods the presence of SLEV and WNV in equines from Rio de Janeiro. A total of 435 serum samples were collected from healthy horses and tested for specific neutralizing antibodies by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90). Additionally, samples (serum, cerebrospinal fluid, central nervous system tissue) from 72 horses, including horses with neurological disorders resulting in a fatal outcome or horses which had contact with them, were tested by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for both viruses. Adopting the criterion of four-fold antibody titer difference, 165 horses (38%) presented neutralizing antibodies for flaviviruses, 89 (20.4%) for SLEV and five (1.1%) for WNV. No evidence of SLEV and WNV infection was detected by RT-qPCR and, thus, such infection could not be confirmed in the additional samples. Our findings indicate horses of Rio de Janeiro were exposed to SLEV and WNV, contributing to the current knowledge on the distribution of these viruses in Brazil.
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Publication Date: 2022-11-06 PubMed ID: 36366557PubMed Central: PMC9695862DOI: 10.3390/v14112459Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study analyzes the exposure of horses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile viruses. Through a molecular and serological approach, it was found that a significant proportion of the horses tested had antibodies for these viruses, indicating past exposure.

Methodology

  • The researchers used both molecular and serological methods to investigate the presence of Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile viruses in horses from Rio de Janeiro. These included a specific neutralizing antibody test (PRNT90) and a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test (RT-qPCR).
  • A total of 435 serum samples were collected from healthy horses for testing. Of these, 72 horses (including those with neurological disorders resulting in fatal outcomes and those who had contact with them) were additionally tested for both viruses using serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and central nervous system tissue samples.

Findings

  • Of the total samples tested, 165 horses (38%) had neutralizing antibodies for flaviviruses, indicating an exposure at some point to these viruses. Specifically, 89 horses (20.4%) had antibodies for Saint Louis encephalitis virus and five horses (1.1%) for West Nile virus.
  • The RT-qPCR testing did not yield evidence of active infection by either Saint Louis encephalitis or West Nile viruses. Therefore, the researchers could not confirm an ongoing infection in the horses. Rather, they deduced that the horses had been exposed at least once in the past based on the presence of antibodies in their serum.

Conclusion

  • The research found indications that horses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil had been previously exposed to Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile viruses, as suggested by the presence of specific antibodies. However, there was no evidence of ongoing infections.
  • These findings add to the current body of knowledge about the distribution of these two viruses in Brazil. It underscores the need for further research to inform disease control and prevention actions for these viral infections, which pose health risks to both humans and animals.

Cite This Article

APA
Chalhoub FLL, Horta MAP, Alcantara LCJ, Morales A, Dos Santos LMB, Guerra-Campos V, Rodrigues CDS, Santos CC, Mares-Guia MAM, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, de Filippis AMB. (2022). Serological Evidence of Exposure to Saint Louis Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses in Horses of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Viruses, 14(11), 2459. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112459

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 11
PII: 2459

Researcher Affiliations

Chalhoub, Flávia Löwen Levy
  • Laboratório de Flavivírus, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
Horta, Marco Aurélio Pereira
  • Biosafety Level 3 Facility (BSL-3), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
Alcantara, Luiz Carlos Junior
  • Laboratório de Flavivírus, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
Morales, Alejandra
  • Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas, Pergamino 2700, Argentina.
Dos Santos, Lilha Maria Barbosa
  • Laboratório de Flavivírus, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
Guerra-Campos, Vinícius
  • Laboratório de Flavivírus, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
Rodrigues, Cintia D S
  • Laboratório de Flavivírus, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
Santos, Carolina C
  • Laboratório de Flavivírus, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
Mares-Guia, Maria Angélica M
  • Laboratório de Flavivírus, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.
Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex
  • Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e de Saúde Pública do Departamento de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil.
de Filippis, Ana Maria Bispo
  • Laboratório de Flavivírus, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Humans
  • Horses
  • West Nile virus / genetics
  • Encephalitis, St. Louis / epidemiology
  • Encephalitis, St. Louis / veterinary
  • Brazil / epidemiology
  • Antibodies, Viral
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • Flavivirus
  • Antibodies, Neutralizing
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The other authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

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  1. Dye-Braumuller KC, Prisco RA, Nolan MS. (Re)Emerging Arboviruses of Public Health Significance in the Brazilian Amazon. Microorganisms 2025 Mar 12;13(3).
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