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Home / Equine Research Bank / Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis / Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Equine pirop...
Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases2020; 73; 101549; doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101549

Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Equine piroplasmosis in North Egypt.

Abstract: Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is caused by Theileria equi and/or Babesia caballi and has economic importance particularly in equines reared in poor management systems. This study is based on cELISA test to study the seroprevalence of EP among 370 horses and 150 donkeys in four Governorates north Egypt. Additionally, its risk factors were studied for the first time. The seroprevalence rates 36.5 %, 20 %, and 5.6 % for T. equi, B. caballi, and mixed infections, respectively. The highest antibody levels against T. equi were detected in Kafr ElSheikh (40 %) and Giza (40.1 %) Governorates, whereas those of B. caballi were detected in Qalyubia (25 %) and Kafr ElSheikh (24.1 %) Governorates. Concerning T. equi, animals >10 years (OR = 2.06) were more likely to be infected with EP than those <5 years old. In addition, the seropositivity increased among grazing (OR = 5.7, 95 % CI: 1.73-19.27) males (OR = 1.8, 95 % CI: 1.23-2.61) infested with ticks (OR = 2.3, 95 % CI: 1.60-3.48) during summer (OR = 4.3, 95 %CI: 2.53-7.46); whereas the seropositivity of animals for B. caballi increased among grazing equines (OR = 7.8, 95 % CI: 1.05-58.25) over 10 years old (OR = 2.08, 95 % CI: 1.10-3.94) and infested with ticks (OR = 2.4, 95 % CI: 1.54-3.76) during summer (OR = 7.12, 95 % CI: 3.15-16.06). Therefore, EP is an important prevalent disease in Egypt and deserves further attention regarding the management system, treatment, and vector control.
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2020-09-13 PubMed ID: 32950955DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101549Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research paper presents a study conducted on the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Equine piroplasmosis, an economically significant disease in horses and donkeys, in Northern Egypt.

Objective of the Study

  • The main aim of the research was to analyze the seroprevalence of Equine piroplasmosis disease across Northern Egypt, using a competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA) test.
  • Additionally, the study sought to explore the risk factors associated with the disease, with the aspiration to contribute to more effective management, treatment, and vector control strategies.

Methodology

  • The researchers conducted the cELISA test on 370 horses and 150 donkeys sourced from four different Governorates in Northern Egypt.
  • The test was specifically looking for two types of parasites that cause Equine piroplasmosis: Theileria equi and Babesia caballi.

Findings

  • The study found that Theileria equi and Babesia caballi were prevalent in 36.5% and 20% of the animals tested, respectively. In addition, 5.6% of animals had been infected by both parasites.
  • Highest antibody levels against Theileria equi were found in the Kafr ElSheikh and Giza Governorates, while Babesia caballi was mostly detected in Qalyubia and Kafr ElSheikh Governorates.
  • Analyses of risk factors showed that animals older than 10 years are more prone to infection than those younger than 5 years old.
  • Other risk factors identified included: grazing habits, male gender of the animal, summers, and tick infestations.

Conclusion

  • Equine piroplasmosis is a prevalent disease in Egypt, and this study underscores the importance of more dedicated focus on improving management systems, optimizing treatment procedures, and controlling vectors.
  • The risk factors identified could help in formulating more targeted control and prevention strategies.

Cite This Article

APA
Selim A, Khater H. (2020). Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Equine piroplasmosis in North Egypt. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 73, 101549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101549

Publication

Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases
ISSN: 1878-1667
NlmUniqueID: 7808924
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 73
Pages: 101549
PII: S0147-9571(20)30138-7

Researcher Affiliations

Selim, Abdelfattah
  • Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt. Electronic address: Abdelfattah.selim@fvtm.bu.edu.eg.
Khater, Hanem
  • Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Protozoan / blood
  • Babesia / immunology
  • Babesiosis / epidemiology
  • Egypt / epidemiology
  • Equidae
  • Female
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horses
  • Male
  • Risk Factors
  • Seasons
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • Surveys and Questionnaires
  • Theileria / immunology
  • Theileriasis / epidemiology

Citations

This article has been cited 20 times.
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  7. Baz MM, Mohammed SH, Mady HY, Mohamed DL, Alruhaili MH, Gattan HS, Alasmari SM, Selim A, Elhawary EA. Repellent and insecticidal activities of Pinus halepensis and Cupressus sempervirens extracts against the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens. Sci Rep 2025 Dec 17;15(1):44037.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-30187-ypubmed: 41407768google scholar: lookup
  8. Selim A, Marzok M, Gattan HS, Ismail H. Prevalence of mastitis and its associated risk factors in lactating camels in Northern Egypt. PLoS One 2025;20(10):e0333826.
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  9. Selim A, Marzok M, Gattan HS, Ismail H. Risk factors influencing Coxiella burnetii seropositivity in water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) populations of Egypt's Nile Delta. PLoS One 2025;20(10):e0333680.
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  10. Selim A, Marzok M, Gattan HS, Alruhaili MH, Ismail H, Hereba AM. Prevalence and Risk Factor Analysis of Bovine Trypanosoma Infection in Cattle across Three Egyptian Governorates. Acta Parasitol 2025 Aug 19;70(5):183.
    doi: 10.1007/s11686-025-01118-8pubmed: 40828337google scholar: lookup
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  13. Selim A, Marzok M, Gattan HS, Hereba AM. Factors influencing Akabane virus seroprevalence in sheep and goats in Egypt's Nile Delta. Trop Anim Health Prod 2025 Apr 1;57(3):146.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-025-04377-9pubmed: 40164856google scholar: lookup
  14. Shoraba M, Shoulah SA, Arnaout F, Selim A. Equine Trypanosomiasis: Molecular Detection, Hematological, and Oxidative Stress Profiling. Vet Med Int 2024;2024:6550276.
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  16. Khater HF, Bazh EKA, Gawad SA, Selim A, Taie HAA, Radwan IT, Moustafa SA, Megahed AA, Baz MM, Kandeel SA. Acaricidal Efficacy of Thirty-Five Egyptian Plants Against the Camel Tick, Hyalomma Dromedarii. Acta Parasitol 2024 Jun;69(2):1231-1243.
    doi: 10.1007/s11686-024-00801-6pubmed: 38671280google scholar: lookup
  17. Elsawy BSM, Mahmoud MS, Suarez CE, Alzan HF. Impact of Equine and Camel Piroplasmosis in Egypt: How Much Do We Know about the Current Situation?. Pathogens 2023 Nov 5;12(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12111318pubmed: 38003783google scholar: lookup
  18. Gattan HS, Alshammari A, Marzok M, Salem M, Al-Jabr OA, Selim A. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and associated risk factors in calves in Egypt. Sci Rep 2023 Oct 18;13(1):17755.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44434-7pubmed: 37853002google scholar: lookup
  19. Selim A, Alshammari A, Marzok M, Salem M, Al-Jabr OA, Gattan HS. Molecular prevalence and associated risk factors of Theileria annulata infections in dromedary camels in Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023 Sep 28;55(5):335.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-023-03767-1pubmed: 37770705google scholar: lookup
  20. Selim A, Alshammari A, Gattan HS, Marzok M, Salem M, Al-Jabr OA. Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle in Egypt: a serosurvey and associated risk factors. Sci Rep 2023 Sep 19;13(1):15489.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42538-8pubmed: 37726382google scholar: lookup
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