FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Sci / Serosurveillance for Japanese encephalitis, Akabane, and Ain...
Journal of veterinary science2008; 9(4); 381-385; doi: 10.4142/jvs.2008.9.4.381

Serosurveillance for Japanese encephalitis, Akabane, and Aino viruses for Thoroughbred horses in Korea.

Abstract: Recent global warming trends may have a significant impact on vector-borne viral diseases, possibly affecting vector population dynamics and disease transmission. This study measured levels of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and neutralizing antibodies against Akabane virus (AKAV) and Aino virus (AINV) for Thoroughbred horses in Korea. Blood samples were collected from 989 racehorses in several provinces, between October 2005 and March 2007. Sera were tested using either an HI assay or a virus neutralization test. Approximately half (49.7%; 492/989) of the horses tested were antibody-positive for JEV. The HI titer against JEV was significantly correlated with racehorse age (p < 0.05). Horses with an HI antibody titer of 1 : 160 or higher accounted for 3.9% of the animals tested, indicating that vectors transmitting arthropod- borne viruses bit relatively few horses. In contrast, 3.8% (19/497) and 19.5% (97/497) of horse sera collected in March 2007 were positive against AKAV and AINV, respectively. The presence of antibodies against AKAV and AINV may indicate the multiplication of AKAV and AINV in these horses.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2008-12-02 PubMed ID: 19043313PubMed Central: PMC2811779DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2008.9.4.381Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study looks at the incidence of specific virus antibodies in the blood of Thoroughbred horses in Korea, suggesting that climate change may impact the transmission of vector-borne diseases.

Objective and Methodology of the Research

  • The primary objective of the study is to investigate the levels of certain virus antibodies (Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Akabane virus (AKAV), Aino virus (AINV)) in the blood of Thoroughbred horses in Korea.
  • There’s a particular focus on how global warming trends might affect populations of transmitting vectors – organisms that carry and can spread infectious diseases – and hence, influence disease transmission.
  • Blood samples from 989 racehorses across different provinces in Korea, collected between October 2005 and March 2007, formed the basis for the research.
  • The detection of these antibodies was accomplished through hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays and virus neutralization tests. HI assays measure the ability of the antibodies in the blood to stop the visible clumping (or ‘agglutination’) of particles, such as viruses, while neutralization tests determine the capacity of antibodies to neutralize the effects of specific viruses.

Key Findings

  • The tests found that around half of the sampled horses (49.7%) had measurable levels of antibodies against JEV. This indicates prior exposure to the virus, meaning that the virus vectors had bitten these horses.
  • The researchers found a significant correlation between the level of HI titer against JEV and the age of the racehorse. This suggests that older horses are more likely to have been exposed to this virus.
  • However, only 3.9% of these horses had an HI antibody titer of 1:160 or higher, suggesting that relatively few horses are bitten by vectors that transmit arthropod-borne viruses.
  • In contrast, antibodies against AKAV and AINV were found in 3.8% and 19.5% of horse sera (blood component) collected in March 2007, respectively. The presence of these antibodies implies that these viruses had multiplied in those horses.

Implications of the Findings

  • The findings presented in this study offer a comprehensive view of the prevalence of these vector-borne viral diseases in Thoroughbred horses in Korea.
  • Understanding this prevalence is particularly crucial in the context of climate change, as global warming trends could influence vector populations and disease transmission routes.
  • Beyond their impact on horse health, these findings can also have significant implications for humans as diseases like Japanese encephalitis are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans.

Cite This Article

APA
Yang DK, Kim BH, Kweon CH, Nah JJ, Kim HJ, Lee KW, Yang YJ, Mun KW. (2008). Serosurveillance for Japanese encephalitis, Akabane, and Aino viruses for Thoroughbred horses in Korea. J Vet Sci, 9(4), 381-385. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2008.9.4.381

Publication

Journal of veterinary science
ISSN: 1229-845X
NlmUniqueID: 100964185
Country: Korea (South)
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Pages: 381-385

Researcher Affiliations

Yang, Dong Kun
  • National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang 430-824, Korea. yangdk@nvrqs.go.kr
Kim, Byoung Han
    Kweon, Chang Hee
      Nah, Jin Ju
        Kim, Hyun Joo
          Lee, Kyung Woo
            Yang, Young Jin
              Mun, Kyu Whan

                MeSH Terms

                • Aging
                • Animals
                • Encephalitis Virus, Japanese / isolation & purification
                • Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / veterinary
                • Horse Diseases / blood
                • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
                • Horses
                • Korea / epidemiology
                • Orthobunyavirus / isolation & purification
                • Seroepidemiologic Studies

                References

                This article includes 21 references
                1. CLARKE DH, CASALS J. Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1958 Sep;7(5):561-73.
                  pubmed: 13571577doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.561google scholar: lookup
                2. Cybinski DH, St George TD, Paull NI. Antibodies to Akabane virus in Australia.. Aust Vet J 1978 Jan;54(1):1-3.
                  pubmed: 655964doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1978.tb00256.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                3. Davies FG, Jessett DM. A study of the host range and distribution of antibody to Akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae) in Kenya.. J Hyg (Lond) 1985 Aug;95(1):191-6.
                  pmc: PMC2129497pubmed: 4020110doi: 10.1017/s0022172400062422google scholar: lookup
                4. Ishibashi K, Shirakawa H, Uchinuno Y, Ogawa T. Seroprevalence survey of Aino virus infection in dairy cattle of Fukuoka, Japan in 1990.. J Vet Med Sci 1995 Feb;57(1):1-4.
                  pubmed: 7756398doi: 10.1292/jvms.57.1google scholar: lookup
                5. Konishi E, Shoda M, Ajiro N, Kondo T. Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantifying antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus nonstructural 1 protein to detect subclinical infections in vaccinated horses.. J Clin Microbiol 2004 Nov;42(11):5087-93.
                  pmc: PMC525176pubmed: 15528700doi: 10.1128/jcm.42.11.5087-5093.2004google scholar: lookup
                6. Konishi E, Shoda M, Kondo T. Prevalence of antibody to Japanese encephalitis virus nonstructural 1 protein among racehorses in Japan: indication of natural infection and need for continuous vaccination.. Vaccine 2004 Mar 12;22(9-10):1097-103.
                  pubmed: 15003636doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.10.001google scholar: lookup
                7. Kurogi H, Akiba K, Inaba Y, Matumoto M. Isolation of Akabane virus from the biting midge Culicoides oxystoma in Japan.. Vet Microbiol 1987 Nov;15(3):243-8.
                  pubmed: 3124329doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(87)90078-2google scholar: lookup
                8. Kwon HJ, Jang BJ, Lim YM, Lee CK, Jeon YS. Studies on Japanese encephalitis live vaccine. VII. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of horses with Anyang strain of attenuated virus.. Res Rep Natl Inst Vet Res 1978;20:29–34.
                9. Lee NS, Mun JB, Kim YH, Song KC. Studies on Japanese encephalitis. VI. Survey of incidence of the antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus among domestic animals.. Res Rep Natl Inst Vet Res 1956;4:21–38.
                10. Lee YT, Song JO, Park CH. Haemagglutination inhibition antibodies of Japanese encephalitis virus to bats.. J Korean Soc Virol 1991;21:173–178.
                11. Lim SI, Kweon CH, Tark DS, Kim SH, Yang DK. Sero-survey on Aino, Akabane, Chuzan, bovine ephemeral fever and Japanese encephalitis virus of cattle and swine in Korea.. J Vet Sci 2007 Mar;8(1):45-9.
                  pmc: PMC2872696pubmed: 17322773doi: 10.4142/jvs.2007.8.1.45google scholar: lookup
                12. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) Agricultural and Forestry Statistical Yearbook. Seoul: MAF; 2007. p. 103.
                13. Ohashi S, Matsumori Y, Yanase T, Yamakawa M, Kato T, Tsuda T. Evidence of an antigenic shift among Palyam serogroup orbiviruses.. J Clin Microbiol 2004 Oct;42(10):4610-4.
                  pmc: PMC522334pubmed: 15472317doi: 10.1128/jcm.42.10.4610-4614.2004google scholar: lookup
                14. Rhee YO, An SH, Jeon Y, Yoon YD, Park BK, Heo Y, Kim JM, Jang H, Kim YH, Sul DS, Song JB, Jung JK, Lee KH, Kim HP. The 1985 survey on horse diseases of veterinary importance in Korea.. Korean J Vet Res 1986;26:87–92.
                15. Solomon T, Ni H, Beasley DW, Ekkelenkamp M, Cardosa MJ, Barrett AD. Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia.. J Virol 2003 Mar;77(5):3091-8.
                  pmc: PMC149749pubmed: 12584335doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.5.3091-3098.2003google scholar: lookup
                16. Sucharit S, Surathin K, Shrestha SR. Vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV): species complexes of the vectors.. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1989 Dec;20(4):611-21.
                  pubmed: 2576966
                17. Sugiura T, Shimada K. Seroepizootiological survey of Japanese encephalitis virus and Getah virus in regional horse race tracks from 1991 to 1997 in Japan.. J Vet Med Sci 1999 Aug;61(8):877-81.
                  pubmed: 10487225doi: 10.1292/jvms.61.877google scholar: lookup
                18. Widjaja S, Soekotjo W, Hartati S, Jennings GB, Corwin AL. Prevalence of hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralizing antibodies to arboviruses in horses of java.. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1995 Mar;26(1):109-13.
                  pubmed: 8525395
                19. Yamanaka T, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Yasuda W, Okada A, Noda K, Okumura T, Matsumura T. Isolation and genetic analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus from a diseased horse in Japan.. J Vet Med Sci 2006 Mar;68(3):293-5.
                  pubmed: 16598178doi: 10.1292/jvms.68.293google scholar: lookup
                20. Yang DK, Kim BH, Kweon CH, Kwon JH, Lim SI, Han HR. Biophysical characterization of Japanese encephalitis virus (KV1899) isolated from pigs in Korea.. J Vet Sci 2004 Jun;5(2):125-30.
                  pubmed: 15192339
                21. Yang DK, Kweon CH, Kim BH, Hwang IJ, Kang MI, So BJ, Cho KO. The seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus in goats raised in Korea.. J Vet Sci 2007 Jun;8(2):197-9.
                  pmc: PMC2872721pubmed: 17519576doi: 10.4142/jvs.2007.8.2.197google scholar: lookup

                Citations

                This article has been cited 16 times.
                1. Chen D, Wang D, Wei F, Kong Y, Deng J, Lin X, Wu S. Characterization and reverse genetic establishment of cattle derived Akabane virus in China. BMC Vet Res 2021 Nov 15;17(1):349.
                  doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-03054-xpubmed: 34781948google scholar: lookup
                2. Yeh JY, Ga YJ. Seroepidemiology of Aino Virus in Farmed and Free-Ranging Cervids in the Republic of Korea. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:702978.
                  doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.702978pubmed: 34490394google scholar: lookup
                3. Kim HH, Yang DK, Ji M, Lee SK, Hyun BH. Genotype-specific neutralizing antibody titers against Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes 1 and 3 in horses immunized with a genotype 3 vaccine. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2020 Jul;9(2):102-107.
                  doi: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.2.102pubmed: 32864366google scholar: lookup
                4. Barba M, Fairbanks EL, Daly JM. Equine viral encephalitis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. Vet Med (Auckl) 2019;10:99-110.
                  doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S168227pubmed: 31497528google scholar: lookup
                5. Yun SI, Lee YM. Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry. Pathogens 2018 Aug 13;7(3).
                  doi: 10.3390/pathogens7030068pubmed: 30104482google scholar: lookup
                6. Kang BK, Hwang JM, Moon H, Han SY, Kim JM, Yang DK, Park BK, Song D. Comparison of the antigenic relationship between Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes 1 and 3. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2016 Jan;5(1):26-30.
                  doi: 10.7774/cevr.2016.5.1.26pubmed: 26866021google scholar: lookup
                7. Lee JH, Seo HJ, Park JY, Kim SH, Cho YS, Kim YJ, Cho IS, Jeoung HY. Detection and differentiation of Schmallenberg, Akabane and Aino viruses by one-step multiplex reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR assay. BMC Vet Res 2015 Oct 24;11:270.
                  doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0582-7pubmed: 26497392google scholar: lookup
                8. Wang H, Liang G. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: past, present, and future prospects. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015;11:435-48.
                  doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S51168pubmed: 25848290google scholar: lookup
                9. Oem JK, Kim YH, Kim SH, Lee MH, Lee KK. Serological characteristics of affected cattle during an outbreak of bovine enzootic encephalomyelitis caused by Akabane virus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014 Jan;46(1):261-3.
                  doi: 10.1007/s11250-013-0468-2pubmed: 24242333google scholar: lookup
                10. Jun Q, Qingling M, Zaichao Z, Kuojun C, Jingsheng Z, Minxing M, Chuangfu C. A serological survey of Akabane virus infection in cattle and sheep in northwest China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012 Dec;44(8):1817-20.
                  doi: 10.1007/s11250-012-0168-3pubmed: 22581316google scholar: lookup
                11. Borah J, Dutta P, Khan SA, Mahanta J. Epidemiological concordance of Japanese encephalitis virus infection among mosquito vectors, amplifying hosts and humans in India. Epidemiol Infect 2013 Jan;141(1):74-80.
                  doi: 10.1017/S0950268812000258pubmed: 22361257google scholar: lookup
                12. Yeh JY, Lee JH, Park JY, Seo HJ, Moon JS, Cho IS, Kim HP, Yang YJ, Ahn KM, Kyung SG, Choi IS, Lee JB. A diagnostic algorithm to serologically differentiate West Nile virus from Japanese encephalitis virus infections and its validation in field surveillance of poultry and horses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012 May;12(5):372-9.
                  doi: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0709pubmed: 22217162google scholar: lookup
                13. Li P, Zhao D, Fu J, Zhang Y, Cai S, Deng M, Li C, Huang J, Qin L, Gao H, Zhang K. Orthobunyaviruses: Epidemiology, innate immune escape, and intervention strategies. Virulence 2025 Dec;16(1):2585624.
                  doi: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2585624pubmed: 41217955google scholar: lookup
                14. Zhang Y, Zheng J, Zhang H, Lin Y, Wang Y, Ma Z, Wei J, Zhou B, Zhong D. Molecular and Serological Surveillance of Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Racehorses or Mosquitoes From Horse Farms in Shanghai, China, 2022. Transbound Emerg Dis 2025;2025:6131435.
                  doi: 10.1155/tbed/6131435pubmed: 41185879google scholar: lookup
                15. Laidlow TA, Johnston ES, Zadoks RN, Walsh M, Viana M, Wiley KE, Singh BB, Baldini F, Dhanze H, Webb C, Brookes VJ. Scoping Review of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Transmission Models. Transbound Emerg Dis 2025;2025:9880670.
                  doi: 10.1155/tbed/9880670pubmed: 40302735google scholar: lookup
                16. Khordadmehr M, Sadri H, Shirazi J, Babazadeh S, Akbari H, Jigari-Asl F, Hamali H, Ghorani M. Investigating Viral Causes of Abortions: A Comprehensive Molecular and Pathological Study on Small Ruminants in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Vet Med Sci 2025 May;11(3):e70308.
                  doi: 10.1002/vms3.70308pubmed: 40172018google scholar: lookup
                Subscribe to our newsletter
                Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.