FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Equine veterinary journal2019; 51(3); 293-298; doi: 10.1111/evj.13062

Serum amyloid A in equine health and disease.

Abstract: Serum amyloid A (SAA) is the major acute phase protein in horses. It is produced during the acute phase response (APR), a nonspecific systemic reaction to any type of tissue injury. In the blood of healthy horses, SAA concentration is very low, but it increases dramatically with inflammation. Due to the short half-life of SAA, changes in its concentration in blood closely reflect the onset of inflammation and, therefore, measurement of SAA useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease and response to treatment. Increases in SAA concentration have been described in equine digestive, reproductive and respiratory diseases and following surgical procedures. Moreover, SAA has proven useful for detection of some subclinical pathologies that can disturb training and competing in equine athletes. Increasing availability of diagnostic tests for both laboratory and field use adds to SAA's applicability as a reliable indicator of horses' health status. This review article presents the current information on changes in SAA concentrations in the blood of healthy and diseased horses, focussing on clinical application of this biomarker.
© 2018 EVJ Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-02-06 PubMed ID: 30565319PubMed Central: PMC7163734DOI: 10.1111/evj.13062Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Serum Amyloid A (SAA) is a key protein in horses that reacts to tissue injury and its measurement can help in diagnosing and monitoring diseases and treatment responses in horses. Detailed studies have shown that it can also detect subclinical issues that might affect a horse’s athletic performance and its applicability has been increased by the availability of diagnostic tests.

Role of Serum amyloid A in horses

  • Serum Amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute phase protein found in horses.
  • It is produced during the acute phase response (APR), which is a nonspecific response to any type of tissue injury.

Serum Amyloid A and inflammation

  • Under normal circumstances, the blood of healthy horses has a very low concentration of SAA.
  • However, the concentration of SAA increases dramatically when there is inflammation in the body.
  • This is because SAA has a short half-life, meaning that any changes in its concentration in the blood will reflect inflammation quite closely.

Serum Amyloid A in disease diagnosis and monitoring

  • The change in SAA concentration can also be used to diagnose and monitor diseases in horses.
  • SAA concentration increases have been observed in equine digestive, reproductive, and respiratory diseases and also after surgical procedures.

Use of Serum Amyloid A in identifying subclinical pathologies

  • Measurement of SAA can be useful in detecting some subclinical pathologies which could potentially interfere with training and competing in equine athletes.

Increased applicability of Serum Amyloid A

  • With the availability of diagnostic tests for both laboratory and field use, SAA’s applicability as a reliable indicator of a horse’s health status has increased.

Overall Focus

  • This research article focuses on the analyses and clinical application of changes in SAA concentrations in the blood of both healthy and diseased horses, giving it a prominent place as a biomarker in equine health.

Cite This Article

APA
Witkowska-Piłaszewicz OD, Żmigrodzka M, Winnicka A, Miśkiewicz A, Strzelec K, Cywińska A. (2019). Serum amyloid A in equine health and disease. Equine Vet J, 51(3), 293-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13062

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 51
Issue: 3
Pages: 293-298

Researcher Affiliations

Witkowska-Piłaszewicz, O D
  • Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
Żmigrodzka, M
  • Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
Winnicka, A
  • Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
Miśkiewicz, A
  • Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
Strzelec, K
  • Department of Horse Breeding and Use, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
Cywińska, A
  • Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Biomarkers / blood
  • Horse Diseases / blood
  • Horse Diseases / metabolism
  • Horses
  • Inflammation / metabolism
  • Inflammation / veterinary
  • Serum Amyloid A Protein / metabolism

References

This article includes 61 references
  1. Jacobsen S, Andersen PH. The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) as a marker of inflammation in horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 19, 38‐46.
  2. Cray C, Zaias J, Altman NH. Acute phase response in animals: a review.. Comp Med 2009 Dec;59(6):517-26.
    pmc: PMC2798837pubmed: 20034426
  3. Petersen HH, Nielsen JP, Heegaard PM. Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry.. Vet Res 2004 Mar-Apr;35(2):163-87.
    pubmed: 15099494doi: 10.1051/vetres:2004002google scholar: lookup
  4. Jacobsen S, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Hagbard Petersen H, Jensen AL. Evaluation of a commercially available human serum amyloid A (SAA) turbidometric immunoassay for determination of equine SAA concentrations.. Vet J 2006 Sep;172(2):315-9.
    pubmed: 15950503doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.04.021google scholar: lookup
  5. Nunokawa Y, Fujinaga T, Taira T, Okumura M, Yamashita K, Tsunoda N, Hagio M. Evaluation of serum amyloid A protein as an acute-phase reactive protein in horses.. J Vet Med Sci 1993 Dec;55(6):1011-6.
    pubmed: 7509640doi: 10.1292/jvms.55.1011google scholar: lookup
  6. Coutinho da Silva MA, Canisso IF, MacPherson ML, Johnson AE, Divers TJ. Serum amyloid A concentration in healthy periparturient mares and mares with ascending placentitis.. Equine Vet J 2013 Sep;45(5):619-24.
    pubmed: 23432049doi: 10.1111/evj.12034google scholar: lookup
  7. Husebekk A, Husby G, Sletten K, Marhaug G, Nordstoga K. Characterization of amyloid protein AA and its serum precursor SAA in the horse.. Scand J Immunol 1986 Jun;23(6):703-9.
    pubmed: 3715410doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1986.tb02007.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  8. Hultén C, Tulamo RM, Suominen MM, Burvall K, Marhaug G, Forsberg M. A non-competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for the equine acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) -- a clinically useful inflammatory marker in the horse.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999 May;68(2-4):267-81.
    pubmed: 10438325doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00027-6google scholar: lookup
  9. Christoffersen M, Woodward E, Bojesen AM, Jacobsen S, Petersen MR, Troedsson MH, Lehn-Jensen H. Inflammatory responses to induced infectious endometritis in mares resistant or susceptible to persistent endometritis.. BMC Vet Res 2012 Mar 29;8:41.
    pmc: PMC3368729pubmed: 22458733doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-41google scholar: lookup
  10. Ludwig EK, Brandon Wiese R, Graham MR, Tyler AJ, Settlage JM, Werre SR, Petersson-Wolfe CS, Kanevsky-Mullarky I, Dahlgren LA. Serum and Synovial Fluid Serum Amyloid A Response in Equine Models of Synovitis and Septic Arthritis.. Vet Surg 2016 Oct;45(7):859-867.
    pubmed: 27580707doi: 10.1111/vsu.12531google scholar: lookup
  11. Pepys MB, Baltz ML, Tennent GA, Kent J, Ousey J, Rossdale PD. Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) in horses: objective measurement of the acute phase response.. Equine Vet J 1989 Mar;21(2):106-9.
    pubmed: 2539996doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02108.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  12. nRossdales Laboratoriesn. Available at: http://www.rossdales.com/laboratories/tests-and-diseases/saa-serum-amyloid-a (Accessed March 20, 2018).
  13. Turlo A, Cywinska A, Czopowicz M, Witkowski L, Szarska E, Winnicka A. Post-exercise dynamics of serum amyloid A blood concentration in thoroughbred horses classified as injured and non-injured after the race.. Res Vet Sci 2015 Jun;100:223-5.
    pubmed: 25933933doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.04.008google scholar: lookup
  14. Badolato R, Wang JM, Stornello SL, Ponzi AN, Duse M, Musso T. Serum amyloid A is an activator of PMN antimicrobial functions: induction of degranulation, phagocytosis, and enhancement of anti-Candida activity.. J Leukoc Biol 2000 Mar;67(3):381-6.
    pubmed: 10733099doi: 10.1002/jlb.67.3.381google scholar: lookup
  15. Jacobsen S, Niewold TA, Halling-Thomsen M, Nanni S, Olsen E, Lindegaard C, Andersen PH. Serum amyloid A isoforms in serum and synovial fluid in horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced arthritis.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 Apr 15;110(3-4):325-30.
    pubmed: 16337010doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.10.012google scholar: lookup
  16. Hobo S, Niwa H, Anzai T. Evaluation of serum amyloid A and surfactant protein D in sera for identification of the clinical condition of horses with bacterial pneumonia.. J Vet Med Sci 2007 Aug;69(8):827-30.
    pubmed: 17827889doi: 10.1292/jvms.69.827google scholar: lookup
  17. Hultén C, Demmers S. Serum amyloid A (SAA) as an aid in the management of infectious disease in the foal: comparison with total leucocyte count, neutrophil count and fibrinogen.. Equine Vet J 2002 Nov;34(7):693-8.
    pubmed: 12455840doi: 10.2746/042516402776250360google scholar: lookup
  18. Vandenplas ML, Moore JN, Barton MH, Roussel AJ, Cohen ND. Concentrations of serum amyloid A and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in horses with colic.. Am J Vet Res 2005 Sep;66(9):1509-16.
    pubmed: 16261823doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1509google scholar: lookup
  19. Copas VE, Durham AE, Stratford CH, McGorum BC, Waggett B, Pirie RS. In equine grass sickness, serum amyloid A and fibrinogen are elevated, and can aid differential diagnosis from non-inflammatory causes of colic.. Vet Rec 2013 Apr 13;172(15):395.
    pubmed: 23428423doi: 10.1136/vr.101224google scholar: lookup
  20. Jacobsen S, Nielsen JV, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Toelboell T, Fjeldborg J, Halling-Thomsen M, Martinussen T, Thoefner MB. Acute phase response to surgery of varying intensity in horses: a preliminary study.. Vet Surg 2009 Aug;38(6):762-9.
    pubmed: 19674420doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2009.00564.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  21. Andersen SA, Petersen HH, Ersbøll AK, Falk-Rønne J, Jacobsen S. Vaccination elicits a prominent acute phase response in horses.. Vet J 2012 Feb;191(2):199-202.
    pubmed: 21371917doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.01.019google scholar: lookup
  22. Cywińska A, Szarska E, Górecka R, Witkowski L, Hecold M, Bereznowski A, Schollenberger A, Winnicka A. Acute phase protein concentrations after limited distance and long distance endurance rides in horses.. Res Vet Sci 2012 Dec;93(3):1402-6.
    pubmed: 22390917doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.02.008google scholar: lookup
  23. Casella S, Fazio F, Giannetto C, Giudice E, Piccione G. Influence of transportation on serum concentrations of acute phase proteins in horse.. Res Vet Sci 2012 Oct;93(2):914-7.
    pubmed: 22296939doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.01.004google scholar: lookup
  24. Stoneham SJ, Palmer L, Cash R, Rossdale PD. Measurement of serum amyloid A in the neonatal foal using a latex agglutination immunoturbidimetric assay: determination of the normal range, variation with age and response to disease.. Equine Vet J 2001 Nov;33(6):599-603.
    pubmed: 11720032doi: 10.2746/042516401776563472google scholar: lookup
  25. Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Lavoie JP. Acute phase proteins in racehorses with inflammatory airway disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 May-Jun;29(3):940-5.
    pmc: PMC4895423pubmed: 25857218doi: 10.1111/jvim.12587google scholar: lookup
  26. Cywińska A, Czopowicz M, Witkowski L, Górecka R, Degórski A, Guzera M, Szczubełek P, Turło A, Schollenberger A, Winnicka A. Reference intervals for selected hematological and biochemical variables in Hucul horses.. Pol J Vet Sci 2015;18(2):439-45.
    pubmed: 26172196doi: 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0056google scholar: lookup
  27. Canisso IF, Ball BA, Cray C, Williams NM, Scoggin KE, Davolli GM, Squires EL, Troedsson MH. Serum amyloid A and haptoglobin concentrations are increased in plasma of mares with ascending placentitis in the absence of changes in peripheral leukocyte counts or fibrinogen concentration.. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014 Oct;72(4):376-85.
    pubmed: 24916762doi: 10.1111/aji.12278google scholar: lookup
  28. Tuppits U, Orro T, Einarsson S, Kask K, Kavak A. Influence of the uterine inflammatory response after insemination with frozen-thawed semen on serum concentrations of acute phase proteins in mares.. Anim Reprod Sci 2014 May;146(3-4):182-6.
    pubmed: 24636940doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.02.007google scholar: lookup
  29. Cywinska A, Gorecka R, Szarska E, Witkowski L, Dziekan P, Schollenberger A. Serum amyloid A level as a potential indicator of the status of endurance horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):23-7.
    pubmed: 21058978doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00280.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  30. Cywinska A, Witkowski L, Szarska E, Schollenberger A, Winnicka A. Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration after training sessions in Arabian race and endurance horses.. BMC Vet Res 2013 May 1;9:91.
    pmc: PMC3655847pubmed: 23634727doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-91google scholar: lookup
  31. Turło A, Cywińska A, Czopowicz M, Witkowski L, Jaśkiewicz A, Winnicka A. Racing induces changes in the blood concentration of serum amyloid A in thoroughbred racehorses. J. Equine. Vet. Sci. 36, 15‐18.
  32. Valle E, Zanatta R, Odetti P, Traverso N, Furfaro A, Bergero D, Badino P, Girardi C, Miniscalco B, Bergagna S, Tarantola M, Intorre L, Odore R. Effects of competition on acute phase proteins and lymphocyte subpopulations - oxidative stress markers in eventing horses.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015 Oct;99(5):856-63.
    pubmed: 25628172doi: 10.1111/jpn.12289google scholar: lookup
  33. Back H, Penell J, Pringle J, Isaksson M, Ronéus N, Treiberg Berndtsson L, Ståhl K. A longitudinal study of poor performance and subclinical respiratory viral activity in Standardbred trotters.. Vet Rec Open 2015;2(1):e000107.
    pmc: PMC4567161pubmed: 26392904doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000107google scholar: lookup
  34. Chavatte PM, Pepys MB, Roberts B, Ousey JC, McGladdery AJ, Rossdale PD. Measurement of serum amyloid A protein (SAA) as an aid to differential diagnosis of infection in newborn foals. Equine Infect. Dis. 4, 33‐38.
  35. Haltmayer E, Schwendenwein I, Licka TF. Course of serum amyloid A (SAA) plasma concentrations in horses undergoing surgery for injuries penetrating synovial structures, an observational clinical study.. BMC Vet Res 2017 May 22;13(1):137.
    pmc: PMC5441074pubmed: 28532514doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1057-9google scholar: lookup
  36. Giguère S, Berghaus LJ, Miller CD. Clinical Assessment of a Point-of-Care Serum Amyloid A Assay in Foals with Bronchopneumonia.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Jul;30(4):1338-43.
    pmc: PMC5094540pubmed: 27296082doi: 10.1111/jvim.13978google scholar: lookup
  37. Passamonti F, Vardi DM, Stefanetti V, Marenzoni ML, Prato S, Cévese P, Coletti M, Pepe M, Casagrande Proietti P, Olea-Popelka F. Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals: an assessment of the early diagnostic value of serum amyloid A and plasma fibrinogen concentrations in equine clinical practice.. Vet J 2015 Feb;203(2):211-8.
    pubmed: 25555337doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.08.033google scholar: lookup
  38. Cohen ND, Chaffin MK, Vandenplas ML, Edwards RF, Nevill M, Moore JN, Martens RJ. Study of serum amyloid A concentrations as a means of achieving early diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia.. Equine Vet J 2005 May;37(3):212-6.
    pubmed: 15892228doi: 10.2746/0425164054530704google scholar: lookup
  39. El-Bahr SM, El-Deeb WM. Acute-phase proteins, oxidative stress biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines, and cardiac troponin in Arabian mares affected with pyometra.. Theriogenology 2016 Sep 1;86(4):1132-1136.
    pubmed: 27177966doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.002google scholar: lookup
  40. Sikora M, Król J, Nowak M, Stefaniak T, Aubertsson G, Kozdrowski R. The usefulness of uterine lavage and acute phase protein levels as a diagnostic tool for subclinical endometritis in Icelandic mares.. Acta Vet Scand 2016 Sep 7;58(1):50.
    pmc: PMC5015198pubmed: 27604098doi: 10.1186/s13028-016-0233-4google scholar: lookup
  41. Christoffersen M, Baagoe CD, Jacobsen S, Bojesen AM, Petersen MR, Lehn-Jensen H. Evaluation of the systemic acute phase response and endometrial gene expression of serum amyloid A and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mares with experimentally induced endometritis.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010 Nov 15;138(1-2):95-105.
    pubmed: 20728224doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.07.011google scholar: lookup
  42. Krakowski L, Krawczyk CH, Kostro K, Stefaniak T, Novotny F, Obara J. Serum levels of acute phase proteins: SAA, Hp and progesterone (P4) in mares with early embryonic death.. Reprod Domest Anim 2011 Aug;46(4):624-9.
    pubmed: 21241377doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01715.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  43. Zent W, Williamsm NM, Donahue JM. Placentitis in central Kentucky broodmares. Pferdeheilkunde 15, 630‐632.
  44. Erol E, Jackson C, Horohov D, Locke S, Smith J, Carter C. Elevated serum amyloid A levels in cases of aborted equine fetuses due to fetal and placental infections.. Theriogenology 2016 Sep 1;86(4):971-975.
    pubmed: 27125694doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.03.021google scholar: lookup
  45. Nemoto M, Oue Y, Morita Y, Kanno T, Kinoshita Y, Niwa H, Ueno T, Katayama Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Experimental inoculation of equine coronavirus into Japanese draft horses.. Arch Virol 2014 Dec;159(12):3329-34.
    pmc: PMC7087042pubmed: 25139547doi: 10.1007/s00705-014-2205-1google scholar: lookup
  46. Bullone M, de Lagarde M, Vargas A, Lavoie JP. Serum Surfactant Protein D and Haptoglobin as Potential Biomarkers for Inflammatory Airway Disease in Horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 Nov-Dec;29(6):1707-11.
    pmc: PMC4895656pubmed: 26289543doi: 10.1111/jvim.13602google scholar: lookup
  47. Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Leclere M, Lemos K, Wagner B, Lavoie JP. Markers of systemic inflammation in horses with heaves.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 Nov-Dec;26(6):1419-26.
    pubmed: 22925172doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00993.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  48. Dondi F, Lukacs RM, Gentilini F, Rinnovati R, Spadari A, Romagnoli N. Serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and ferritin in horses with colic: Association with common clinicopathological variables and short-term outcome.. Vet J 2015 Jul;205(1):50-5.
    pubmed: 25981935doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.015google scholar: lookup
  49. Westerman TL, Tornquist SJ, Foster CM, Poulsen KP. Evaluation of serum amyloid A and haptoglobin concentrations as prognostic indicators for horses with inflammatory disease examined at a tertiary care hospital.. Am J Vet Res 2015 Oct;76(10):882-8.
    pubmed: 26413826doi: 10.2460/ajvr.76.10.882google scholar: lookup
  50. Labelle AL, Hamor RE, Macneill AL, Lascola KM, Breaux CB, Tolar EL. Effects of ophthalmic disease on concentrations of plasma fibrinogen and serum amyloid A in the horse.. Equine Vet J 2011 Jul;43(4):460-5.
    pubmed: 21496078doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00305.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  51. Sanchez Teran AF, Rubio-Martinez LM, Villarino NF, Sanz MG. Effects of repeated intra-articular administration of amikacin on serum amyloid A, total protein and nucleated cell count in synovial fluid from healthy horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2012 Dec;(43):12-6.
    pubmed: 23447871doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00637.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  52. Sanchez-Teran AF, Bracamonte JL, Hendrick S, Burguess HJ, Duke-Novakovski T, Schott M, Hoff B, Rubio-Martínez LM. Effect of Arthroscopic Lavage on Systemic and Synovial Fluid Serum Amyloid A in Healthy Horses.. Vet Surg 2016 Feb;45(2):223-30.
    pubmed: 26767549doi: 10.1111/vsu.12439google scholar: lookup
  53. Robinson CS, Singer ER, Piviani M, Rubio-Martinez LM. Are serum amyloid A or D-lactate useful to diagnose synovial contamination or sepsis in horses?. Vet Rec 2017 Oct 21;181(16):425.
    pmc: PMC5738594pubmed: 28765498doi: 10.1136/vr.104386google scholar: lookup
  54. Jacobsen S, Ladefoged S, Berg LC. Production of serum amyloid A in equine articular chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes treated with proinflammatory cytokines and its effects on the two cell types in culture.. Am J Vet Res 2016 Jan;77(1):50-8.
    pubmed: 26709936doi: 10.2460/ajvr.77.1.50google scholar: lookup
  55. Turło A, Cywińska A, Czopowicz M, Witkowski L, Niedźwiedź A, Słowikowska M, Borowicz H, Jaśkiewicz A, Winnicka A. The Effect of Different Types of Musculoskeletal Injuries on Blood Concentration of Serum Amyloid A in Thoroughbred Racehorses.. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0140673.
    pmc: PMC4605491pubmed: 26466121doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140673google scholar: lookup
  56. Nolen‐Walston R. How to interpret serum amyloid A concentrations. Proc. Am. Assoc. Equine Practnrs. 61, 130‐137.
  57. Pollock PJ, Prendergast M, Schumacher J, Bellenger CR. Effects of surgery on the acute phase response in clinically normal and diseased horses.. Vet Rec 2005 Apr 23;156(17):538-42.
    pubmed: 15849343doi: 10.1136/vr.156.17.538google scholar: lookup
  58. Pihl TH, Scheepers E, Sanz M, Goddard A, Page P, Toft N, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Andersen PH, Jacobsen S. Acute-phase proteins as diagnostic markers in horses with colic.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016 Sep;26(5):664-74.
    pubmed: 27384962doi: 10.1111/vec.12504google scholar: lookup
  59. Daniel AJ, Leise BS, Burgess BA, Morley PS, Cloninger M, Hassel DM. Concentrations of serum amyloid A and plasma fibrinogen in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016 May;26(3):344-51.
    pubmed: 26274017doi: 10.1111/vec.12365google scholar: lookup
  60. Pihl TH, Scheepers E, Sanz M, Goddard A, Page P, Toft N, Andersen PH, Jacobsen S. Influence of disease process and duration on acute phase proteins in serum and peritoneal fluid of horses with colic.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 Mar-Apr;29(2):651-8.
    pmc: PMC4895517pubmed: 25644457doi: 10.1111/jvim.12542google scholar: lookup
  61. Bundgaard L, Bendixen E, Sørensen MA, Harman VM, Beynon RJ, Petersen LJ, Jacobsen S. A selected reaction monitoring-based analysis of acute phase proteins in interstitial fluids from experimental equine wounds healing by secondary intention.. Wound Repair Regen 2016 May;24(3):525-32.
    pubmed: 26899182doi: 10.1111/wrr.12425google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 32 times.
  1. Shinya U, Yamato O, Iwamura Y, Kato T, Hamada Y, Widodo OS, Taniguchi M, Takagi M. Usefulness of Measuring Serum Amyloid A Concentration in Japanese Black Cattle in Clinical Practice. Vet Sci 2023 Aug 17;10(8).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci10080528pubmed: 37624315google scholar: lookup
  2. Blangy-Letheule A, Vergnaud A, Dupas T, Rozec B, Lauzier B, Leroux AA. Spontaneous Sepsis in Adult Horses: From Veterinary to Human Medicine Perspectives. Cells 2023 Mar 30;12(7).
    doi: 10.3390/cells12071052pubmed: 37048125google scholar: lookup
  3. Palmisano M, Javsicas L, McNaughten J, Gamsjäger L, Renaud DL, Gomez DE. Effect of plasma transfusion on serum amyloid A concentration in healthy neonatal foals and foals with failure of transfer of passive immunity. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Mar;37(2):697-702.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16647pubmed: 36825688google scholar: lookup
  4. Peixoto Rabelo I, Barroco de Paula V, Carvalho Bustamante C, Santana AM, Gomes da Silva D, Baldassi AC, Canola PA, Araújo Valadão CA. Acute phase proteins levels in horses, after a single carbohydrate overload, associated with cecal alkalinization. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1043656.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1043656pubmed: 36816195google scholar: lookup
  5. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Ferrucci F. Impact of Lower Airway Inflammation on Fitness Parameters in Standardbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 21;12(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12223228pubmed: 36428455google scholar: lookup
  6. Bazzano M, Arfuso F, Bonfili L, Eleuteri AM, McLean A, Serri E, Spaterna A, Laus F. Measuring Biochemical Variables and Serum Amyloid A (SAA) in Working Mules in Central Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022 Oct 16;12(20).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12202793pubmed: 36290179google scholar: lookup
  7. Kaszak I, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Domrazek K, Jurka P. The Novel Diagnostic Techniques and Biomarkers of Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Sci 2022 Sep 26;9(10).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci9100526pubmed: 36288138google scholar: lookup
  8. Bazzano M, Marchegiani A, Troisi A, McLean A, Laus F. Serum Amyloid A as a Promising Biomarker in Domestic Animals' Reproduction: Current Knowledge and Future Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2022 Feb 25;12(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12050589pubmed: 35268158google scholar: lookup
  9. Bazzano M, Bonfili L, Eleuteri AM, Serri E, Scollo C, Yaosen Y, Tesei B, Laus F. Assessment of serum amyloid A concentrations and biochemical profiles in lactating jennies and newborn Ragusano donkey foals around parturition and one month after foaling in Sicily. Reprod Domest Anim 2022 Mar;57(3):262-268.
    doi: 10.1111/rda.14048pubmed: 34816505google scholar: lookup
  10. Kiemle J, Hindenberg S, Bauer N, Roecken M. Comparison of a point-of-care serum amyloid A analyzer frequently used in equine practice with 2 turbidimetric immunoassays used in human and veterinary medicine. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022 Jan;34(1):42-53.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387211056029pubmed: 34763564google scholar: lookup
  11. Valigura HC, Leatherwood JL, Martinez RE, Norton SA, White-Springer SH. Dietary supplementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product attenuates exercise-induced stress markers in young horses. J Anim Sci 2021 Aug 1;99(8).
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skab199pubmed: 34181712google scholar: lookup
  12. Galkin AP, Sysoev EI. Stress Response Is the Main Trigger of Sporadic Amyloidoses. Int J Mol Sci 2021 Apr 15;22(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms22084092pubmed: 33920986google scholar: lookup
  13. Szabó C, Vizesi Z, Vincze A. Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Amateur Show Jumping Horses Competing on Different Levels. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 4;11(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11030693pubmed: 33806684google scholar: lookup
  14. Otsuka M, Sugiyama M, Ito T, Tsukano K, Oikawa S, Suzuki K. Diagnostic utility of measuring serum amyloid A with a latex agglutination turbidimetric immunoassay in bovine mastitis: Comparison with haptoglobin and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein. J Vet Med Sci 2021 Mar 5;83(2):329-332.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.20-0550pubmed: 33390361google scholar: lookup
  15. Wojtysiak K, Ryszka W, Stefaniak T, Król J, Kozdrowski R. Changes in the Secretion of Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines and Acute-Phase Proteins in the Uterus after Artificial Insemination in the Mare. Animals (Basel) 2020 Dec 19;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10122438pubmed: 33352707google scholar: lookup
  16. Perez-Ecija A, Buzon-Cuevas A, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Gonzalez-De Cara C, Mendoza Garcia FJ. Reference intervals of acute phase proteins in healthy Andalusian donkeys and response to experimentally induced endotoxemia. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jan;35(1):580-589.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16015pubmed: 33336874google scholar: lookup
  17. Scavone D, Sgorbini M, Borges AS, Oliveira-Filho JP, Vitale V, Paltrinieri S. Serial measurements of Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity in horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. BMC Vet Res 2020 Nov 4;16(1):422.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02629-4pubmed: 33148245google scholar: lookup
  18. Yang Y, Li P, Lin Y, Li Z, Cui T, Song Z, Wu W, Lv S, Ji S. Gene Expression Profiling of the Liver and Lung in Mice After Exposure to ZnO Quantum Dots. Int J Nanomedicine 2020;15:2947-2955.
    doi: 10.2147/IJN.S246754pubmed: 32425526google scholar: lookup
  19. Falomo ME, Del Re B, Rossi M, Giaretta E, Da Dalt L, Gabai G. Relationship between postpartum uterine involution and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in clinically healthy mares (Equus caballus). Heliyon 2020 Apr;6(4):e03691.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03691pubmed: 32258514google scholar: lookup
  20. Miglio A, Cappelli K, Capomaccio S, Mecocci S, Silvestrelli M, Antognoni MT. Metabolic and Biomolecular Changes Induced by Incremental Long-Term Training in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses during First Workout Season. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 18;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10020317pubmed: 32085444google scholar: lookup
  21. Long A, Nolen-Walston R. Equine Inflammatory Markers in the Twenty-First Century: A Focus on Serum Amyloid A. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020 Apr;36(1):147-160.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.005pubmed: 32007299google scholar: lookup
  22. Jacobsen S, Vinther AM, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Nielsen LN. Validation of an equine serum amyloid A assay with an unusually broad working range. BMC Vet Res 2019 Dec 19;15(1):462.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2211-3pubmed: 31856804google scholar: lookup
  23. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Bąska P, Czopowicz M, Żmigrodzka M, Szarska E, Szczepaniak J, Nowak Z, Winnicka A, Cywińska A. Anti-Inflammatory State in Arabian Horses Introduced to the Endurance Training. Animals (Basel) 2019 Aug 27;9(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9090616pubmed: 31462005google scholar: lookup
  24. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Bąska P, Czopowicz M, Żmigrodzka M, Szczepaniak J, Szarska E, Winnicka A, Cywińska A. Changes in Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Concentration in Arabian Endurance Horses During First Training Season. Animals (Basel) 2019 Jun 8;9(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9060330pubmed: 31181740google scholar: lookup
  25. Shinya U, Yamato O, Iwamura Y, Kato T, Hamada Y, Widodo OS, Taniguchi M, Takagi M. Serum Amyloid A Concentrations in Young Japanese Black Cattle: Relationship with Colostrum Intake and Establishing Cut-Off Concentrations. Animals (Basel) 2025 Apr 28;15(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15091239pubmed: 40362054google scholar: lookup
  26. Souto PC, Santos MR, Orozco AMO, Bento LD, Ramirez-Lopez CJ, Girardi FM, Machado JCA, de Oliveira LL, da Fonseca LA. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Development for Equine Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Determination Using Recombinant Proteins. Methods Protoc 2025 Apr 7;8(2).
    doi: 10.3390/mps8020037pubmed: 40278511google scholar: lookup
  27. Chen Y, Yan A, Zhang L, Hu X, Chen L, Cui J, Fan Z, Li Y. Comparative analysis of inflammatory biomarkers for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: IL-6, IL-8, SAA, CRP, and PCT. Open Life Sci 2025;20(1):20221005.
    doi: 10.1515/biol-2022-1005pubmed: 39886481google scholar: lookup
  28. Koziy RV, Katselis GS, Yoshimura S, Simko E, Bracamonte JL. Temporal kinetics of serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration and identification of SAA isoforms in blood and synovial fluid of horses with experimentally induced septic arthritis, non-septic synovitis, and systemic inflammation. J Vet Diagn Invest 2025 Jan;37(1):42-54.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387241299873pubmed: 39688235google scholar: lookup
  29. Ayodele BA, Pagel CN, Mackie EJ, Armour F, Yamada S, Zahra P, Courtman N, Whitton RC, Hitchens PL. Differences in bone turnover markers and injury risks between local and international horses: A Victorian Spring Racing Carnival study. Equine Vet J 2025 Mar;57(2):333-346.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14098pubmed: 38634210google scholar: lookup
  30. Giers J, Bartel A, Kirsch K, Müller SF, Horstmann S, Gehlen H. Blood-based assessment of oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine and metabolic adaptations in eventing horses accounting for plasma volume shift after exercise. Vet Med Sci 2024 May;10(3):e1409.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.1409pubmed: 38516822google scholar: lookup
  31. Filho HCM, Trindade KLG, Silva CJFL, Cruz RKS, Vilela CF, Coelho CS, Filho JDR, Manso HECCC. The Welfare of Horses Competing in Three-Barrel Race Events Is Shown to Be Not Inhibited by Short Intervals between Starts. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 9;14(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14040583pubmed: 38396551google scholar: lookup
  32. Hemberg E, Niazi A, Guo Y, Debnár VJ, Vincze B, Morrell JM, Kútvölgyi G. Microbial Profiling of Amniotic Fluid, Umbilical Blood and Placenta of the Foaling Mare. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jun 18;13(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13122029pubmed: 37370539google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,911 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.