Structure-related echoes in ultrasonographic images of equine superficial digital flexor tendons.
- Journal Article
- Anatomy
- Biotechnology
- Clinical Examination
- Clinical Study
- Diagnostic Imaging
- Diagnostic Technique
- Equine Diseases
- Equine Health
- Equine Science
- Horses
- Imaging Techniques
- Musculoskeletal System
- Physiology
- Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon
- Tendons
- Ultrasound
- Veterinary Care
- Veterinary Medicine
- Veterinary Procedure
- Veterinary Research
Summary
This is a study on the development of a method to differentiate between structural echoes and interference echoes in ultrasonographic images of horse’s superficial digital flexor tendons. The aim is to enhance the clinical interpretation of tendon integrity.
Research Design and Method
The research focused on two healthy superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendons from a young Thoroughbred and a mature Dutch Warmblood horse. These tendons were:
- Mounted in a specially-designed device that allowed for precise scanning perpendicular to and along the tendon’s length, with 0.5mm intervals of progression.
- Photographed at the exact scanning spots for transverse tendon sections.
As part of the study, considerations were also made for the issues of propagation, reflection, and refraction artifacts. The researchers developed an image rectification process that ensured an exact match between each photograph and its corresponding ultrasonographic image.
Further, a unique correlation routine was established, starting from a transverse ultrasonographic image from a specific position (0). This routine incorporated data from images collected at specific distances of 0.5 and 1mm on either side of the actual scan location (positions -2, -1, +1, +2).
Findings & Results
The unique correlation routine allowed echoes that remained consistent across all five images to be enhanced, resolved, and subsequently identified as structural. Those echoes that varied across the images were reduced and faded, indicative of interference.
The resultant correlated image can be superimposed over the rectified photograph, and the enhanced echoes align perfectly with the tendon’s internal structure of fibers and fascicles.
Research Conclusion
The correlation routine developed in this study enables exclusive identification of structure-related echoes, effectively fading out echo interferences.
The technique has potential to produce ultrasonographic images of tendons that highlight only essential structure-related information. It may greatly aid in clinical assessment of tendon integrity, potentially improving the horse’s health and performance and informing treatment decisions in the case of injury or disease.
Cite This Article
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Raaphorst Equine Clinic, Wassenaar, The Netherlands.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Artifacts
- Female
- Horses
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Male
- Reference Values
- Tendons / diagnostic imaging
- Tendons / physiology
- Ultrasonography / methods
- Ultrasonography / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 7 times.- Pereira CS, Klauznicer J, Maree D, McAuliffe S, Farooq A, Whiteley R, Finni T. Quadriceps strength, patellar tendon quality, relative load exposure, and knee symptoms in male athletes before the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Front Rehabil Sci 2023;4:1283635.
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- Lawson A, Noorkoiv M, Masci L, Mohagheghi AA. Ankle Joint Position and the Reliability of Ultrasound Tissue Characterization of the Achilles Tendon: A Pilot Study. Med Sci Monit 2019 Sep 13;25:6884-6893.
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- Masci L, Spang C, van Schie HT, Alfredson H. How to diagnose plantaris tendon involvement in midportion Achilles tendinopathy - clinical and imaging findings. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016 Feb 24;17:97.
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