FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of equine science2016; 27(2); 37-48; doi: 10.1294/jes.27.37

Studies on exercise physiology of the racehorse performed in Japan during the period from the 1930s to the 1970s: respiration and heart rate during exercise and the effect of exercise on blood characteristics.

Abstract: After publication of the epic report on equine exercise physiology by Matsuba and Shimamura in 1933, papers on exercise physiology of the racehorse in Japan began appearing in scientific journals and increased in number. In 1944, respiration during exercise at a walk, trot, and canter was measured by recording expiratory sounds with a microphone attached near the nostril. Respiratory frequency during cantering was synchronized with stride frequency, and expiratory sounds were found to occur during the stance phase of the trailing forelimb. Development of a radiotelemetry system in 1964 for electrocardiogram recording enabled the first recording of an equine electrocardiogram during field exercise that included fast galloping and calculation of heart rate (HR) during exercise. During low intensity exercise including walking, trotting, cantering and extended cantering, HR increased from 45 beat/min during pre-exercise to 150 beat/min at an extended canter. HR increased to 200 beat/min or more in most horses during 100 m of high-intensity sprint galloping. When blood lactate was measured after 3 days of draft work in 12 warhorses in 1934, no increase in blood lactate was found. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was decreased by intense exercise and also decreased as training increased. It was suggested that measuring changes in ESR and body weight in relation to training might become useful as a screening index of training, condition, and fatigue. This evaluation method was named the "ESR-body weight method."
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-06-21 PubMed ID: 27330397PubMed Central: PMC4914396DOI: 10.1294/jes.27.37Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research chronicles the development of studies on equine exercise physiology in Japan from the 1930s to the 1970s, detailing methods of studying respiration, heart rate during exercise, and the impact of exercise on blood characteristics in racehorses.

Evolution of Equine Exercise Physiology Research

  • The research began in 1933 with a seminal report by Matsuba and Shimamura on equine exercise physiology and gained momentum thereafter with more papers appearing in scientific journals. Research methods included studying respiration patterns during different types of exercise, employing sound recording methods, and evolving the use of cutting-edge technology such as radiotelemetry for electrocardiogram recording.

Respiration and Heart Rate during Exercise

  • In 1944, researchers began to study the respiration of horses during exercise at various paces. They found that the frequency of respiration was in sync with stride frequency during a canter, with expiration sounds occurring when the forelimb was in a stance phase.
  • With the introduction of a radiotelemetry system in 1964, the first recordings of equine electrocardiograms during field exercises were made. The studies revealed that a horse’s heart rate would increase from 45 beats per minute (pre-exercise) to 150 beats per minute during an extended canter. Furthermore, during high-intensity sprint galloping, most horses’ heart rate elevated to 200 beats per minute or more.

Impact of Exercise on Blood Characteristics

  • Research also delved into the effects of exercise on horses’ blood characteristics, focusing particularly on blood lactate levels and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Testing after three days of heavy work in warhorses showed no increase in blood lactate.
  • The ESR decreased both from intense exercise and consistent training. Due to these findings, there was a suggestion to use changes in ESR and weight as indicators of a horse’s training status, overall condition, and fatigue levels, leading to the development of “ESR-body weight method”.

Cite This Article

APA
Hiraga A, Sugano S. (2016). Studies on exercise physiology of the racehorse performed in Japan during the period from the 1930s to the 1970s: respiration and heart rate during exercise and the effect of exercise on blood characteristics. J Equine Sci, 27(2), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1294/jes.27.37

Publication

Journal of equine science
ISSN: 1340-3516
NlmUniqueID: 9503751
Country: Japan
Language: English
Volume: 27
Issue: 2
Pages: 37-48

Researcher Affiliations

Hiraga, Atsushi
  • Hidaka Training and Research Center of The Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan.
Sugano, Shigeru
  • Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 180-0004, Japan.

References

This article includes 83 references
  1. Allen BV. Relationships between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, plasma proteins and viscosity, and leucocyte counts in thoroughbred racehorses.. Vet Rec 1988 Apr 2;122(14):329-32.
    pubmed: 3381437doi: 10.1136/vr.122.14.329google scholar: lookup
  2. Amada A. A portable electrocardiograph with a magnetic tape recording system for the horse during exercise. Adv. Anim. Electrocardiography 7: 28–34[in Japanese with English figures and tables].
  3. Amada A, Koike N. Specially made transmitter for recording of exercise electrocardiograms in the racehorse by radiotelemetry. Bull. Equine Res. Inst. 17: 32–38.
  4. Attenburrow DP. Respiratory sounds recorded by radio-stethoscope from normal horses at exercise.. Equine Vet J 1978 Jul;10(3):176-9.
    pubmed: 688999doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1978.tb02252.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  5. Attenburrow DP. Time relationship between the respiratory cycle and limb cycle in the horse.. Equine Vet J 1982 Jan;14(1):69-72.
    pubmed: 7084182doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1982.tb02340.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  6. Banister EW, Purvis AD. Exercise electrocardiography in the horse by radiotelemetry.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1968 Apr 1;152(7):1004-8.
    pubmed: 5689155
  7. Dusek J. [The changes in blood cell sedimentation rate in horses from the viewpoint of the work load. II].. Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1967;21(2):593-601.
    pubmed: 5604070
  8. Hanzawa K, Kubo K, Kai M, Hiraga A, Watanabe S. Effects of exercise on erythrocytes in normal and splenectomised Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 18: 439–442.
  9. Hanzawa K, Kubo K, Kai M, Hiraga A, Watanabe S. Effects of splenic erythrocytes and blood lactate levels on osmotic fragility of circulating red cells in Thoroughbred horses during exercise. J. Equine Sci. 9: 107–112.
  10. Hanzawa K, Kai M, Hiraga A, Watanabe S. Fragility of red cells during exercise is affected by blood pH and temperature.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):610-1.
    pubmed: 10659328doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05294.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  11. Hanzawa K, Kubo K, Kai M, Hiraga A, Watanabe S. Effects of splenectomy for osmotic fragility of circulating red cells during exercise. J. Equine Sci. 10: 61–65.
  12. Hanzawa K, Kubo K, Kai M, Hiraga A, Watanabe S. Effects of exercise on density and osmotic fragility of circulating red cells in normal and splenectomized Thoroughbred horses. J. Equine Sci. 10: 67–72.
  13. Hiroe I, Nagano T, Yasuda S. Studies on the influence of work on blood viscosity in the warhorse. J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 46: 633–639[in Japanese].
  14. Hiroe I, Nagano T, Yasuda S. On the relationship between work and the velocity of sedimentation of erythrocytes in the horse. J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 47: 341–349[in Japanese].
  15. Holmes JR, Alps BJ, Darke PG. A method of radiotelemetry in equine electrocardiography.. Vet Rec 1966 Jul 23;79(4):90-4.
    pubmed: 5968146doi: 10.1136/vr.79.4.90google scholar: lookup
  16. Kai M, Kubo K. Respiration pause and gait after the start dash in a horse. Bull. Equine Res. Inst. 30: 26–29.
  17. Kikuchi S. Experimental studies on the sedimentation velocity of erythrocytes in the horse. I. On the sedimentation velocity in the normal status. J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 51: 797–815[in Japanese].
  18. Kikuchi S. Experimental studies on the sedimentation velocity of erythrocytes in the horse. II. On the sedimentation velocity in the pregnancy and puerperium. J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 51: 817–829[in Japanese].
  19. Kikuchi S. Experimental studies on the sedimentation velocity of erythrocytes in the horse. III. On the sedimentation velocity in the various diseases. Ouyojuigakuzasshi 13: 477–497[in Japanese].
  20. Kikuchi S. Experimental studies on the sedimentation velocity of erythrocytes in the horse. IV. About various conditions to have influence on sedimentation velocity of erythrocytes. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi (Jpn. J. Vet. Sci.) 3: 431–443[in Japanese with German title and summary].
  21. Kikuchi S. Measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and its significance for clinical diagnosis (1). Ouyojuigakuzasshi 15: 469–475[in Japanese].
  22. Kikuchi S. Measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and its significance for clinical diagnosis (2). Ouyojuigakuzasshi 15: 739–747[in Japanese].
  23. Kikuchi S. Measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and its significance for clinical diagnosis (3). Ouyojuigakuzasshi 16: 231–239[in Japanese].
  24. Kitaoka Y, Wakasugi Y, Hoshino D, Mukai K, Hiraga A, Hatta H. Effects of high-intensity training on monocarboxylate transporters in Thoroughbred horses. Comp. Exer. Physiol. 6: 171–175.
  25. Kitaoka Y, Masuda H, Mukai K, Hiraga A, Takemasa T, Hatta H. Effect of training and detraining on monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 and MCT4 in Thoroughbred horses.. Exp Physiol 2011 Mar;96(3):348-55.
    pubmed: 21148623doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2010.055483google scholar: lookup
  26. Kitaoka Y, Hoshino D, Mukai K, Hiraga A, Takemasa T, Hatta H. Effect of growth on monocarboxylate transporters and indicators of energy metabolism in the gluteus medius muscle of Thoroughbreds.. Am J Vet Res 2011 Aug;72(8):1107-11.
    pubmed: 21801069doi: 10.2460/ajvr.72.8.1107google scholar: lookup
  27. Kitaoka Y, Endo Y, Mukai K, Aida H, Hiraga A, Takemasa T, Hatta H. Effect of acute exercise on monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 in untrained and trained Thoroughbreds.. Am J Vet Res 2013 Apr;74(4):642-7.
    pubmed: 23531075doi: 10.2460/ajvr.74.4.642google scholar: lookup
  28. Kitaoka Y, Endo Y, Mukai K, Aida H, Hiraga A, Hatta H. Muscle glycogen breakdown and lactate metabolism during intensive exercise in Thoroughbred horses. J. Phys. Fit. Sports Med. 3: 451–456.
  29. Kubo K. Inspection equipments for circulatory function: electrocardiograph and phonocardiograph for horse. Adv. Anim. Electrocardiography 14: 8–11[in Japanese with English summary and figures].
  30. Kusachi R, Sato H. Fundamental studies on electrocardiograms of the horse. II. Bipolar lead. Jpn. J. Vet. Res. 3: 195–208.
  31. Matsuba S, Shimamura T. Studies on exercise physiology and performance testing of the racehorse. The Imperial Racing Association [in Japanese].
  32. Matsuba S, Shimamura T, Kimata H, Shimazaki T, Kijima T, Shijo T. Studies on the physiology of muscular exercise of the racehorse. I. The present method of training and its influence upon the physiology of the racehorse. J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 51: 1–69[in Japanese].
  33. Matsuba S, Shimamura T, Kijima T, Shijo T. Studies on the physiology of muscular exercise of the racehorse. II. On the influence of the conservative method of training and upon the physiology of the racehorse. J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 51: 187–347[in Japanese].
  34. Matsuba S, Shimamura T, Shijo T. Studies on the physiology of muscular exercise of the racehorse. III. On the influence of administration of various medicaments during the training (A). J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 51: 585–641[in Japanese].
  35. Matsuba S, Shimamura T, Shijo T. Studies on the physiology of muscular exercise of the racehorse. III. On the influence of administration of various medicaments during the training (B). J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 51: 659–641[in Japanese].
  36. Matsuba S, Shimamura T, Okabe T, Shijo T. Studies on the physiology of muscular exercise of the racehorse. IV. On the physical change of the blood and its significance with regard to the control of training. J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 51: 927–1959[in Japanese].
  37. Matsuba S. Studies on the performance and training of the racehorse. The University of Tokyo [in Japanese].
  38. Murakami M, Takagi S. Effects of continuous long distance running exercise on plasma enzyme levels in horses. Exp. Rep. Equine Hlth. Lab. 11: 106–119.
  39. Nakamura R, Too K, Matsuhashi A. Studies on the applications of electrocardiogram in horses. II. The lead method and electrocardiogram with special reference to configurations and measurements of waves in two bipolar chest lead. Jpn. J. Vet. Res. 3: 171–181.
  40. Nomura S, Tominaga S. Studies on cardiac function of the horse by using electrocardiograph. 1. Changes in heart beat intervals during walk on a treadmill. Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku (Research Reports). Equine Health Lab. 7: 73–81[in Japanese].
  41. Nomura S, Senoo T, Amada A, Senta T, Sawazaki H, Ibaraki T. Radiotelemetric studies on electrocardiograms in horses and riders. 1. Performance of radiotelemeter. Exp. Rep. Equine Hlth. Lab. 2: 29–47[in Japanese].
  42. Nomura S, Senoo T, Amada A, Senta T, Sawazaki H, Ibaraki T. Radiotelemetric studies on electrocardiograms in horses and riders. 2. Changes of electrocardiograms, heart rate and heart beat intervals during exercise. Exp. Rep. Equine Hlth. Lab. 2: 49–65[in Japanese].
  43. Nomura S. New approaches for evaluating performance of draft horses by using heart beat. Series of Equestrian Affairs 9, Japan Equine Affairs Association [in Japanese].
  44. Nomura S. Adaptation of radiotelemetry to equestrian games and horse racing.. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi 1966 Aug;28(4):191-203.
    pubmed: 6005886doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.28.191google scholar: lookup
  45. Ohi S. Studies on species variation of blood sedimentation in domestic animals. Variation of erythrocyte sedimentation curve. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 35: 131–134[in Japanese with English summary and tables].
  46. Ohi S. Studies on species variation of blood sedimentation in domestic animals. 2. Shape of erythrocyte sedimentation curve. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 35: 260–265[in Japanese with English summary and tables].
  47. Ohi S. Studies on species variation of blood sedimentation in domestic animals. III. Correlation between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and temperature of the laboratory. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 35: 266–270[in Japanese with English summary and tables].
  48. Ohi S. Studies on species variation of blood sedimentation in domestic animals. IV. Influence of measurement temperature upon erythrocyte sedimentation. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 35: 307–311[in Japanese with English summary and tables].
  49. Ohi S. Studies on species variation of blood sedimentation in domestic animals. V. Correlation between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and inclination of tube. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 35: 312–316[in Japanese with English summary and tables].
  50. Ohi S. Studies on species variation of blood sedimentation in domestic animals. VI. Influence of tube inclination upon erythrocyte sedimentation. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 36: 24–27[in Japanese with English summary and tables].
  51. Ohi S. Studies on species variation of blood sedimentation in domestic animals. VII. Correlation between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and diameter of tube. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 36: 40–43[in Japanese with English summary and tables].
  52. Ohi S. Studies on species variation of blood sedimentation in domestic animals. VIII. Influence of tube diameter upon erythrocyte sedimentation. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 36: 71–75[in Japanese with English summary and tables].
  53. Ohi S. Studies on species variation of blood sedimentation in domestic animals. IX. Correlation between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and height of blood column. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 36: 76–80[in Japanese with English summary and tables].
  54. Ohi S. Studies on species variation of blood sedimentation in domestic animals. X. Influence of height of blood column upon erythrocyte sedimentation. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 36: 123–126[in Japanese with English summary and tables].
  55. Ohmura H, Mukai K, Takahashi T, Matsui A, Hiraga A, Jones JH. Comparison of net anaerobic energy utilisation estimated by plasma lactate accumulation rate and accumulated oxygen deficit in Thoroughbred horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):62-9.
    pubmed: 21058984doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00261.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  56. Okabe T, Sugiyama T. On the respiration of horses, especially alteration of its frequency. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 6: 1–17[in Japanese with German title and summary].
  57. Osbaldiston GW. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate studies in sheep, dog, and horse.. Cornell Vet 1971 Jul;61(3):386-99.
    pubmed: 4998626
  58. Popel AS, Johnson PC, Kameneva MV, Wild MA. Capacity for red blood cell aggregation is higher in athletic mammalian species than in sedentary species.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1994 Oct;77(4):1790-4.
    pubmed: 7836201doi: 10.1152/jappl.1994.77.4.1790google scholar: lookup
  59. Sakurai N. Performance of the racehorse and its erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 3: 651–661[in Japanese with German title and summary].
  60. Sakurai N. On the performance of the racehorse and physical property of the blood. Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku (Research Reports). Jpn. Racing Soc. 2: 27–44[in Japanese].
  61. Sakurai N, Ohki M, Akagi H, Shibata Y. On parameters of the optimal condition of racehorses. Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku (Research Reports). Jpn. Racing Soc. 2: 105–116[in Japanese].
  62. Sakurai N, Abe Y, Iketani E, Senoo T, Nakazima R. Veterinary observations by monthly examination. Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku (Research Reports). Department of Horseracing. Ministry Agric. For. 3: 26–39[in Japanese].
  63. Sakurai N. Changes in clinical and blood characteristic findings in relation to training of the racehorse. Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku (Research Reports). Department of Horseracing. Ministry Agric. For. 4: 1–199[in Japanese].
  64. Sakurai N. Experimental study on evaluation of fatigue: erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku (Research Reports). Equine Health Lab. 7: 10–11[in Japanese].
  65. Sakurai N, Ogawa A. Changes in circulatory eosinophile and erythrocyte sedimentation rate with growth and training in the yearling. Exp. Rep. Equine Hlth. Lab. 1: 115–119[in Japanese].
  66. Sakurai N, Uehara N, Taguchi K, Tanabe T. Changes in blood characteristics with growth and training in the racehorse. Exp. Rep. Equine Hlth. Lab. 2: 167–170[in Japanese].
  67. Sakurai N, Yamaoka S, Murakami M. Relationship between exercise and changes in blood characteristics in horses. Exp. Rep. Equine Hlth. Lab. 4: 15–19[in Japanese with English summary].
  68. Sakurai N. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; especially “erythrocyte sedimentation rate-body weight method” for evaluation of condition of racehorses. Equine Health Laboratory [in Japanese].
  69. Sawazaki H, Seto Y, Miura T, Shimoda Y. On the respiration of horses, especially alteration of its frequency during their field-labours. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 23: 13–18[in Japanese with English summary and figures].
  70. Sawazaki H, Taba N, Miura T. On the respiration of horses, especially alteration of its frequency during their trotting. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 23: 183–185[in Japanese with English summary and figures].
  71. Shijo T. On the influence of training upon the velocity of sedimentation of erythrocyte in the horse. J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 50: 145–167[in Japanese].
  72. Shijo T. On the comparison of the O2 and CO2 content in the venous and arterial blood of the horse. J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 50: 281–284[in Japanese].
  73. Shijo T. On the change of O2, CO2, and erythrocytes in the venous blood during training of the horse. J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 50: 341–346[in Japanese].
  74. Shijo T. On the influence of training upon the blood picture of the horse. J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 50: 375–384[in Japanese].
  75. Sugimoto S, Sakurai N. Changes in blood characteristics in relation to general condition of the racehorse. Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku (Research Reports). Jpn. Racing Soc. 2: 1–26[in Japanese].
  76. Takagi S, Sakurai N. Changes of glucose, pyruvate, and lactate in blood of horses at rest and during exercise. Exp. Rep. Equine Hlth. Lab. 8: 100–109.
  77. Takagi S, Ito K, Shibata H. Effects of training on plasma fibrinogen concentration and thyroid hormone level in young racehorses. Exp. Rep. Equine Hlth. Lab. 11: 94–105.
  78. Tatsumi H, Chiba H, Kato M, Ueno K, Okabe T, Seto Y, Kano Y. Studies on workload during labor force of animal farming: Energy expenditure of the horse during pulling crop work. Nogiken Hokoku, G 14: 81–91[in Japanese].
  79. Tatsumi H, Chiba H, Ueno K. Effect of water depth on energy expenditure of horses during walk. Nogiken Hokoku, G 15: 27– 33 [in Japanese].
  80. Tatsumi H, Kato M, Chiba H, Okabe T. Significance of pulse rate as an index of workload. Nogiken Hokoku, G 17: 59– 66 [in Japanese].
  81. Wood SC, Fedde MR. Effects of racing and gender on viscoelastic properties of horse blood.. Respir Physiol 1997 Feb;107(2):165-72.
    pubmed: 9108630doi: 10.1016/s0034-5687(96)02518-2google scholar: lookup
  82. Yasuda S. Studies on the influence of work upon the lactic acid content in the blood of horses. J. Cent. Soc. Vet. Med. 47: 449–457[in Japanese].
  83. Yasuda S, Nitahara H, Ogihara N. Studies on electrocardiography of the warhorse. Sogo Juigaku Zasshi (J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc.) 1: 57–65, 109–117 [in Japanese].

Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Vincelette A. The Characteristics, Distribution, Function, and Origin of Alternative Lateral Horse Gaits. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 8;13(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13162557pubmed: 37627349google scholar: lookup
  2. Hiraga A, Sugano S. Studies on the exercise physiology of draft horses performed in Japan during the 1950s and 1960s. J Equine Sci 2017;28(1):1-12.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.28.1pubmed: 28400701google scholar: lookup
  3. Santosuosso E, Léguillette R, Shoemaker S, Baumwart R, Temple S, Hemmerling K, Kell T, Bayly W. A consort-guided randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial on the effects of 6 weeks training on heart rate variability in thoroughbred horses. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Jan-Feb;39(1):e17253.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.17253pubmed: 39655519google scholar: lookup
  4. Paltrinieri S, Ferrari R, Scavone D, Pieroni C, Diamanti D, Tagliasacchi F. Increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Dogs: Frequency in Routine Clinical Practice and Association with Hematological Changes. Animals (Basel) 2024 May 8;14(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14101409pubmed: 38791627google scholar: lookup
  5. Pieroni C, Grassi A, Pantoli M, Berretti M, Messina S, Giovannini C, Lubas G, Diamanti D. Analytical Validation of MINI-PET as Point-of-Care for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Measure in Horses. Vet Med Int 2023;2023:9965095.
    doi: 10.1155/2023/9965095pubmed: 38023429google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.