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Journal of animal science2024; 102; doi: 10.1093/jas/skae143

The balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in canine, feline, and equine nutrition: exploring sources and the significance of alpha-linolenic acid.

Abstract: Both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (FA) have numerous significant physiological roles for mammals. The interplay between these families of FA is of interest in companion animal nutrition due to the influence of the n-6:n-3 FA ratio on the modulation of the inflammatory response in disease management and treatment. As both human and animal diets have shifted to greater consumption of vegetable oils rich in n-6 FA, the supplementation of n-3 FA to canine, feline, and equine diets has been advocated for. Although fish oils are commonly added to supply the long-chain n-3 FA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a heavy reliance on this ingredient by the human, pet food, and equine supplement industries is not environmentally sustainable. Instead, sustainable sourcing of plant-based oils rich in n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA), such as flaxseed and camelina oils, emerges as a viable option to support an optimal n-6:n-3 FA ratio. Moreover, ALA may offer health benefits that extend beyond its role as a precursor for endogenous EPA and DHA production. The following review underlines the metabolism and recommendations of n-6 and n-3 FA for dogs, cats, and horses and the ratio between them in promoting optimal health and inflammation management. Additionally, insights into both marine and plant-based n-3 FA sources will be discussed, along with the commercial practicality of using plant oils rich in ALA for the provision of n-3 FA to companion animals. In the realm of companion animal nutrition, the balance between the n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (FA) is important. The shared metabolic pathway of these two FA families and the respective signaling molecules produced have implications for the well-being of companion animals such as dogs, cats, and even horses. The n-6:n-3 FA ratio of the diet can directly influence inflammatory responses, disease management, and overall health. Given the prevalent use of n-6 FA-rich vegetable oils in both human and animal diets, there is a growing need to supplement these animals’ diets with n-3 FA. While fish oils containing the long-chain n-3 FA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been the conventional choice, their overreliance is environmentally unsustainable. Plant-based oils abundant in the n-3 FA α-linolenic acid (ALA) such as flaxseed and camelina oils should be considered, especially given the health benefits of ALA that extend beyond its role as a precursor to EPA and DHA. This review examines the importance of n-3 FA and the n-6:n-3 FA ratio in companion animal diets on animal health while discussing environmentally sustainable alternatives to fish oil to supplement n-3 FA.
© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.
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Publication Date: 2024-05-22 PubMed ID: 38776363PubMed Central: PMC11161904DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae143Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article discusses the importance of maintaining a balance between n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in the diets of cats, dogs, and horses, and explores the health benefits and commercial viability of using plant-based oils rich in alpha-linolenic acid as a sustainable source of n-3 fatty acids.

The Importance of Balanced Fatty Acids

  • N-6 and n-3 fatty acids have several important physiological roles in both humans and animals, affecting their health and wellness. The balance (or ratio) of these acids is of particular importance in managing and treating disease, as they play a significant role in modulating the body’s inflammatory response.
  • An increasing reliance on vegetable oils in both humans and animal diets has led to an increased intake of n-6 fatty acids.
  • Due to their beneficial effects, n-3 fatty acids are being added to pet and horse feeds. Commonly, they are supplied via fish oils, particularly those containing EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid).

Evaluating the Sustainability of Fish Oil

  • However, the study points out that the widespread use of fish oil in the pet food and equine supplement industries and in human nutrition is not a sustainable approach due to the pressure it places on marine resources.

Exploring Alternative Sources

  • To overcome this challenge, the paper looks into sustainable alternatives, like plant-based oils rich in n-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which could be used to maintain the optimal ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids.
  • Flaxseed and camelina oils, which are rich in ALA, are seen as viable options.
  • Further, ALA may offer additional health benefits beyond its role as a precursor for endogenous production of EPA and DHA.

Metabolism and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids

  • The paper also extensively discusses the metabolism of both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in dogs, cats, and horses, and how the balance of these fatty acids impacts their health and inflammation responses.
  • It also assesses the commercial feasibility of using plant oils rich in ALA as a primary source of n-3 fatty acids in the nutrition of companion animals.

Cite This Article

APA
Burron S, Richards T, Krebs G, Trevizan L, Rankovic A, Hartwig S, Pearson W, Ma DWL, Shoveller AK. (2024). The balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in canine, feline, and equine nutrition: exploring sources and the significance of alpha-linolenic acid. J Anim Sci, 102. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae143

Publication

Journal of animal science
ISSN: 1525-3163
NlmUniqueID: 8003002
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 102

Researcher Affiliations

Burron, Scarlett
  • Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1.
Richards, Taylor
  • Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1.
Krebs, Giovane
  • Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Trevizan, Luciano
  • Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Rankovic, Alexandra
  • Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1.
Hartwig, Samantha
  • Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1.
Pearson, Wendy
  • Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1.
Ma, David W L
  • Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1.
Shoveller, Anna K
  • Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Dogs
  • Horses
  • Cats
  • Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / metabolism
  • alpha-Linolenic Acid / metabolism
  • Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / metabolism
  • Animal Feed / analysis
  • Diet / veterinary
  • Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

Conflict of Interest Statement

SB, TR, GK, AR, SH, WP, and DWLM declare no conflicts of interest. LT declares that he has received funding from CAPES—Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. AKS is the Professor and Champion Petfoods Chair in Canine and Feline Nutrition, Physiology and Metabolism and has received honoraria and research funding from various pet food manufacturers and ingredient suppliers in addition to provincial and federal granting agencies and declares that they serve on the Trouw Nutrition, Champion Petfoods Scientific Board, and Livestock Research Innovation Corporation. AKS did hold a Diverse Field Crops Cluster Grant and matching funding from Smart Earth Camelina where the idea to perform this review took life.

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