FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Exp Orthop / The benefits and limitations of animal models for translatio...
Journal of experimental orthopaedics2016; 3(1); 1; doi: 10.1186/s40634-015-0037-x

The benefits and limitations of animal models for translational research in cartilage repair.

Abstract: Much research is currently ongoing into new therapies for cartilage defect repair with new biomaterials frequently appearing which purport to have significant regenerative capacity. These biomaterials may be classified as medical devices, and as such must undergo rigorous testing before they are implanted in humans. A large part of this testing involves in vitro trials and biomechanical testing. However, in order to bridge the gap between the lab and the clinic, in vivo preclinical trials are required, and usually demanded by regulatory approval bodies. This review examines the in vivo models in current use for cartilage defect repair testing and the relevance of each in the context of generated results and applicability to bringing the device to clinical practice. Some of the preclinical models currently used include murine, leporine, ovine, caprine, porcine, canine, and equine models. Each of these has advantages and disadvantages in terms of animal husbandry, cartilage thickness, joint biomechanics and ethical and licencing issues. This review will examine the strengths and weaknesses of the various animal models currently in use in preclinical studies of cartilage repair.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-01-06 PubMed ID: 26915001PubMed Central: PMC4703594DOI: 10.1186/s40634-015-0037-xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is a review of different animal models used for testing new therapies for cartilage repair. The article discusses the pros and cons of each model before they are utilized in human trials.

Overview

The research paper provides a comprehensive review of rights and wrongs of using various animal models as candidates for in vivo preclinical trials in the field of cartilage repair. With the emergence of promising new biomaterials that claim significant power of regeneration, it’s imperative to assess these potential therapies in real-life conditions before they get approved for human use. These preclinical trials are further necessitated by the requisites laid by regulatory approval bodies.

Different Preclinical Models Discussed

  • Murine (Mice) Model: The most common animal model, but has limitations like the small size and thin cartilage.
  • Leporine (Rabbit) Model: Mainly used for initial testing, but has a very thin cartilage layer.
  • Ovine (Sheep) and Caprine (Goat) Models: Preferred due to similarity to human cartilage, but they have high maintenance costs.
  • Porcine (Pig) Model: Favoured for its cartilage thickness being similar to humans, but has ethical issues over killing animals.
  • Canine (Dog) Model: Has ethical issues and restrictions but provides valuable information regarding long-term effects.
  • Equine (Horse) Model: Very valuable for studying the mechanical environment, but limited due to cost and ethical challenges.

Strengths and Weaknesses

Each of these models carries certain strong and weak points. Their viability is gauged based on criteria like how easy or hard it is to maintain the species (animal husbandry), the thickness of cartilage, joint biomechanics, and ethical and licencing issues coming into play. For instance, whilst mice have the advantage of easy maintenance and lesser costs, their thin cartilage can be a downside for certain studies. On the other hand, models like pigs, dogs and horses, may offer more relevant results due to similarities in cartilage thickness and joint mechanics with humans, but they pose ethical dilemmas and may also have higher maintenance costs.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Understanding the pros and cons of different in vivo models for cartilage repair is crucial to select the model that closely aligns with human physiology and provides maximal translation potential for clinical use. This scrutiny aids in extracting results with the most relevance and applicability, hence expediting the process of device approval for clinical practice. It ensures the device or therapy undergoes rigorous testing, bridging the gap between the lab and the clinic.

Cite This Article

APA
Moran CJ, Ramesh A, Brama PA, O'Byrne JM, O'Brien FJ, Levingstone TJ. (2016). The benefits and limitations of animal models for translational research in cartilage repair. J Exp Orthop, 3(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-015-0037-x

Publication

Journal of experimental orthopaedics
ISSN: 2197-1153
NlmUniqueID: 101653750
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 3
Issue: 1
Pages: 1
PII: 1

Researcher Affiliations

Moran, Conor J
  • Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
  • Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
  • Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland.
Ramesh, Ashwanth
  • Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
  • Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
  • Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland.
Brama, Pieter A J
  • Section of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
O'Byrne, John M
  • Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
  • Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital, Finglas, Dublin 11, Ireland.
O'Brien, Fergal J
  • Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
  • Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
  • Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland.
Levingstone, Tanya J
  • Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. tanyalevingstone@rcsi.ie.
  • Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. tanyalevingstone@rcsi.ie.
  • Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland. tanyalevingstone@rcsi.ie.

References

This article includes 100 references
  1. Ahern BJ, Parvizi J, Boston R, Schaer TP. Preclinical animal models in single site cartilage defect testing: a systematic review.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009 Jun;17(6):705-13.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.11.008pubmed: 19101179google scholar: lookup
  2. Allen MJ, Houlton JE, Adams SB, Rushton N. The surgical anatomy of the stifle joint in sheep.. Vet Surg 1998 Nov-Dec;27(6):596-605.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00536.xpubmed: 9845224google scholar: lookup
  3. Almeida HV, Cunniffe GM, Vinardell T, Buckley CT, O'Brien FJ, Kelly DJ. Coupling Freshly Isolated CD44(+) Infrapatellar Fat Pad-Derived Stromal Cells with a TGF-β3 Eluting Cartilage ECM-Derived Scaffold as a Single-Stage Strategy for Promoting Chondrogenesis.. Adv Healthc Mater 2015 May;4(7):1043-53.
    doi: 10.1002/adhm.201400687pubmed: 25656563google scholar: lookup
  4. An YH, Freidman RJ. Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research. London: CRC Press; 1999.
  5. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act. Sect. 14 (1986).
  6. Assche DV, Caspel DV, Staes F, Saris DB, Bellemans J, Vanlauwe J, Luyten FP. Implementing one standardized rehabilitation protocol following autologous chondrocyte implantation or microfracture in the knee results in comparable physical therapy management.. Physiother Theory Pract 2011 Feb;27(2):125-36.
    doi: 10.3109/09593981003681046pubmed: 20690878google scholar: lookup
  7. ASTM F2451–05. Standard Guide for in vivo Assessment of Implantable Devices Intended to Repair or Regenerate Articular Cartilage. 2010.
  8. Boopalan PR, Arumugam S, Livingston A, Mohanty M, Chittaranjan S. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy results in healing of full thickness articular cartilage defect.. Int Orthop 2011 Jan;35(1):143-8.
    doi: 10.1007/s00264-010-0994-8pmc: PMC3014486pubmed: 20340017google scholar: lookup
  9. Brehm W, Aklin B, Yamashita T, Rieser F, Trüb T, Jakob RP, Mainil-Varlet P. Repair of superficial osteochondral defects with an autologous scaffold-free cartilage construct in a caprine model: implantation method and short-term results.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006 Dec;14(12):1214-26.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.05.002pubmed: 16820305google scholar: lookup
  10. Breinan HA, Martin SD, Hsu HP, Spector M. Healing of canine articular cartilage defects treated with microfracture, a type-II collagen matrix, or cultured autologous chondrocytes.. J Orthop Res 2000 Sep;18(5):781-9.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.1100180516pubmed: 11117301google scholar: lookup
  11. Brittberg M, Lindahl A, Nilsson A, Ohlsson C, Isaksson O, Peterson L. Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation.. N Engl J Med 1994 Oct 6;331(14):889-95.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJM199410063311401pubmed: 8078550google scholar: lookup
  12. Brittberg M, Sjögren-Jansson E, Lindahl A, Peterson L. Influence of fibrin sealant (Tisseel) on osteochondral defect repair in the rabbit knee.. Biomaterials 1997 Feb;18(3):235-42.
    doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(96)00117-2pubmed: 9031724google scholar: lookup
  13. Camp CL, Stuart MJ, Krych AJ. Current concepts of articular cartilage restoration techniques in the knee.. Sports Health 2014 May;6(3):265-73.
    doi: 10.1177/1941738113508917pmc: PMC4000472pubmed: 24790697google scholar: lookup
  14. Chevrier A, Kouao AS, Picard G, Hurtig MB, Buschmann MD. Interspecies comparison of subchondral bone properties important for cartilage repair.. J Orthop Res 2015 Jan;33(1):63-70.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.22740pubmed: 25242685google scholar: lookup
  15. Choi B, Kim S, Fan J, Kowalski T, Petrigliano F, Evseenko D, Lee M. Covalently conjugated transforming growth factor-β1 in modular chitosan hydrogels for the effective treatment of articular cartilage defects.. Biomater Sci 2015 May;3(5):742-52.
    doi: 10.1039/C4BM00431Kpubmed: 26222593google scholar: lookup
  16. Christensen BB, Foldager CB, Olesen ML, Vingtoft L, Rölfing JH, Ringgaard S, Lind M. Experimental articular cartilage repair in the Göttingen minipig: the influence of multiple defects per knee.. J Exp Orthop 2015 Dec;2(1):13.
    doi: 10.1186/s40634-015-0031-3pmc: PMC4538720pubmed: 26914881google scholar: lookup
  17. Chu CR. Chondral and osteochondral injuries: mechanisms of injury and repair responses. Oper Tech Orthop 2001;11(2):70–75.
    doi: 10.1016/S1048-6666(01)80014-8google scholar: lookup
  18. Chu CR, Dounchis JS, Yoshioka M, Sah RL, Coutts RD, Amiel D. Osteochondral repair using perichondrial cells. A 1-year study in rabbits.. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997 Jul;(340):220-9.
    doi: 10.1097/00003086-199707000-00029pubmed: 9224260google scholar: lookup
  19. Chu CR, Szczodry M, Bruno S. Animal models for cartilage regeneration and repair.. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2010 Feb;16(1):105-15.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0452pmc: PMC3121784pubmed: 19831641google scholar: lookup
  20. Chu CR, Szczodry M, Bruno S. Animal models for cartilage regeneration and repair.. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2010 Feb;16(1):105-15.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0452pmc: PMC3121784pubmed: 19831641google scholar: lookup
  21. Chung JY, Song M, Ha CW, Kim JA, Lee CH, Park YB. Comparison of articular cartilage repair with different hydrogel-human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell composites in a rat model.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014 Mar 19;5(2):39.
    doi: 10.1186/scrt427pmc: PMC4055114pubmed: 24646697google scholar: lookup
  22. Cook JL, Hung CT, Kuroki K, Stoker AM, Cook CR, Pfeiffer FM, Sherman SL, Stannard JP. Animal models of cartilage repair.. Bone Joint Res 2014;3(4):89-94.
    doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.34.2000238pmc: PMC3974069pubmed: 24695750google scholar: lookup
  23. Dahlin RL, Kinard LA, Lam J, Needham CJ, Lu S, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells seeded on biodegradable scaffolds for the repair of cartilage in a rat osteochondral defect model.. Biomaterials 2014 Aug;35(26):7460-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.055pmc: PMC4109803pubmed: 24927682google scholar: lookup
  24. Ebert JR, Robertson WB, Lloyd DG, Zheng MH, Wood DJ, Ackland T. Traditional vs accelerated approaches to post-operative rehabilitation following matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI): comparison of clinical, biomechanical and radiographic outcomes.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008 Oct;16(10):1131-40.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.010pubmed: 18434214google scholar: lookup
  25. Ebihara G, Sato M, Yamato M, Mitani G, Kutsuna T, Nagai T, Ito S, Ukai T, Kobayashi M, Kokubo M, Okano T, Mochida J. Cartilage repair in transplanted scaffold-free chondrocyte sheets using a minipig model.. Biomaterials 2012 May;33(15):3846-51.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.056pubmed: 22369960google scholar: lookup
  26. Engkvist O. Reconstruction of patellar articular cartilage with free autologous perichondrial grafts. An experimental study in dogs.. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1979;13(3):361-69.
    doi: 10.3109/02844317909013084pubmed: 542808google scholar: lookup
  27. Erggelet C, Endres M, Neumann K, Morawietz L, Ringe J, Haberstroh K, Sittinger M, Kaps C. Formation of cartilage repair tissue in articular cartilage defects pretreated with microfracture and covered with cell-free polymer-based implants.. J Orthop Res 2009 Oct;27(10):1353-60.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.20879pubmed: 19382184google scholar: lookup
  28. Etterlin PE, Ytrehus B, Lundeheim N, Heldmer E, Österberg J, Ekman S. Effects of free-range and confined housing on joint health in a herd of fattening pigs.. BMC Vet Res 2014 Sep 11;10:208.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-014-0208-5pmc: PMC4172778pubmed: 25208481google scholar: lookup
  29. Fisher MB, Belkin NS, Milby AH, Henning EA, Bostrom M, Kim M, Pfeifer C, Meloni G, Dodge GR, Burdick JA, Schaer TP, Steinberg DR, Mauck RL. Cartilage repair and subchondral bone remodeling in response to focal lesions in a mini-pig model: implications for tissue engineering.. Tissue Eng Part A 2015 Feb;21(3-4):850-60.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0384pmc: PMC4333259pubmed: 25318414google scholar: lookup
  30. Fragonas E, Valente M, Pozzi-Mucelli M, Toffanin R, Rizzo R, Silvestri F, Vittur F. Articular cartilage repair in rabbits by using suspensions of allogenic chondrocytes in alginate.. Biomaterials 2000 Apr;21(8):795-801.
    doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00241-0pubmed: 10721748google scholar: lookup
  31. Frisbie DD, Lu Y, Kawcak CE, DiCarlo EF, Binette F, McIlwraith CW. In vivo evaluation of autologous cartilage fragment-loaded scaffolds implanted into equine articular defects and compared with autologous chondrocyte implantation.. Am J Sports Med 2009 Nov;37 Suppl 1:71S-80S.
    doi: 10.1177/0363546509348478pubmed: 19934439google scholar: lookup
  32. Funayama A, Niki Y, Matsumoto H, Maeno S, Yatabe T, Morioka H, Yanagimoto S, Taguchi T, Tanaka J, Toyama Y. Repair of full-thickness articular cartilage defects using injectable type II collagen gel embedded with cultured chondrocytes in a rabbit model.. J Orthop Sci 2008 May;13(3):225-32.
    doi: 10.1007/s00776-008-1220-zpubmed: 18528656google scholar: lookup
  33. Gelse K, von der Mark K, Aigner T, Park J, Schneider H. Articular cartilage repair by gene therapy using growth factor-producing mesenchymal cells.. Arthritis Rheum 2003 Feb;48(2):430-41.
    doi: 10.1002/art.10759pubmed: 12571853google scholar: lookup
  34. Getgood AM, Kew SJ, Brooks R, Aberman H, Simon T, Lynn AK, Rushton N. Evaluation of early-stage osteochondral defect repair using a biphasic scaffold based on a collagen-glycosaminoglycan biopolymer in a caprine model.. Knee 2012 Aug;19(4):422-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2011.03.011pubmed: 21620711google scholar: lookup
  35. Gollehon DL, Torzilli PA, Warren RF. The role of the posterolateral and cruciate ligaments in the stability of the human knee. A biomechanical study.. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987 Feb;69(2):233-42.
    pubmed: 3805084
  36. Guo X, Wang C, Zhang Y, Xia R, Hu M, Duan C, Zhao Q, Dong L, Lu J, Qing Song Y. Repair of large articular cartilage defects with implants of autologous mesenchymal stem cells seeded into beta-tricalcium phosphate in a sheep model.. Tissue Eng 2004 Nov-Dec;10(11-12):1818-29.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.2004.10.1818pubmed: 15684690google scholar: lookup
  37. Gushue DL, Houck J, Lerner AL. Rabbit knee joint biomechanics: motion analysis and modeling of forces during hopping.. J Orthop Res 2005 Jul;23(4):735-42.
    doi: 10.1016/j.orthres.2005.01.005pubmed: 16022984google scholar: lookup
  38. Hangody L, Feczkó P, Bartha L, Bodó G, Kish G. Mosaicplasty for the treatment of articular defects of the knee and ankle.. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001 Oct;(391 Suppl):S328-36.
    doi: 10.1097/00003086-200110001-00030pubmed: 11603716google scholar: lookup
  39. Hendrickson DA, Nixon AJ, Grande DA, Todhunter RJ, Minor RM, Erb H, Lust G. Chondrocyte-fibrin matrix transplants for resurfacing extensive articular cartilage defects.. J Orthop Res 1994 Jul;12(4):485-97.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.1100120405pubmed: 8064479google scholar: lookup
  40. Hoemann CD, Hurtig M, Rossomacha E, Sun J, Chevrier A, Shive MS, Buschmann MD. Chitosan-glycerol phosphate/blood implants improve hyaline cartilage repair in ovine microfracture defects.. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005 Dec;87(12):2671-2686.
    doi: 10.2106/JBJS.D.02536pubmed: 16322617google scholar: lookup
  41. Hoemann C, Kandel R, Roberts S, Saris DB, Creemers L, Mainil-Varlet P, Méthot S, Hollander AP, Buschmann MD. International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) Recommended Guidelines for Histological Endpoints for Cartilage Repair Studies in Animal Models and Clinical Trials.. Cartilage 2011 Apr;2(2):153-72.
    doi: 10.1177/1947603510397535pmc: PMC4300784pubmed: 26069577google scholar: lookup
  42. Hunziker EB. Biologic repair of articular cartilage. Defect models in experimental animals and matrix requirements.. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999 Oct;(367 Suppl):S135-46.
    doi: 10.1097/00003086-199910001-00015pubmed: 10546642google scholar: lookup
  43. Hunziker EB, Driesang IM, Morris EA. Chondrogenesis in cartilage repair is induced by members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily.. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001 Oct;(391 Suppl):S171-81.
    pubmed: 11603702doi: 10.1097/00003086-200110001-00017google scholar: lookup
  44. Hunziker EB, Quinn TM, Häuselmann HJ. Quantitative structural organization of normal adult human articular cartilage.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002 Jul;10(7):564-72.
    doi: 10.1053/joca.2002.0814pubmed: 12127837google scholar: lookup
  45. Hunziker EB, Lippuner K, Keel MJ, Shintani N. An educational review of cartilage repair: precepts & practice--myths & misconceptions--progress & prospects.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015 Mar;23(3):334-50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.011pubmed: 25534362google scholar: lookup
  46. Hurtig M, Pearce S, Warren S, Kalra M, Miniaci A. Arthroscopic mosaic arthroplasty in the equine third carpal bone.. Vet Surg 2001 May-Jun;30(3):228-39.
    doi: 10.1053/jvet.2001.23348pubmed: 11340554google scholar: lookup
  47. Hurtig MB, Buschmann MD, Fortier LA, Hoemann CD, Hunziker EB, Jurvelin JS, Mainil-Varlet P, McIlwraith CW, Sah RL, Whiteside RA. Preclinical Studies for Cartilage Repair: Recommendations from the International Cartilage Repair Society.. Cartilage 2011 Apr;2(2):137-52.
    doi: 10.1177/1947603511401905pmc: PMC4300779pubmed: 26069576google scholar: lookup
  48. Igarashi T, Iwasaki N, Kawamura D, Kasahara Y, Tsukuda Y, Ohzawa N, Ito M, Izumisawa Y, Minami A. Repair of articular cartilage defects with a novel injectable in situ forming material in a canine model.. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012 Jan;100(1):180-7.
    doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.33248pubmed: 22021195google scholar: lookup
  49. Jackson DW, Lalor PA, Aberman HM, Simon TM. Spontaneous repair of full-thickness defects of articular cartilage in a goat model. A preliminary study.. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001 Jan;83(1):53-64.
    pubmed: 11205859doi: 10.2106/00004623-200101000-00008google scholar: lookup
  50. Jiang CC, Chiang H, Liao CJ, Lin YJ, Kuo TF, Shieh CS, Huang YY, Tuan RS. Repair of porcine articular cartilage defect with a biphasic osteochondral composite.. J Orthop Res 2007 Oct;25(10):1277-90.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.20442pubmed: 17576624google scholar: lookup
  51. Jurgens WJ, Kroeze RJ, Zandieh-Doulabi B, van Dijk A, Renders GA, Smit TH, van Milligen FJ, Ritt MJ, Helder MN. One-step surgical procedure for the treatment of osteochondral defects with adipose-derived stem cells in a caprine knee defect: a pilot study.. Biores Open Access 2013 Aug;2(4):315-25.
    doi: 10.1089/biores.2013.0024pmc: PMC3731690pubmed: 23914338google scholar: lookup
  52. Klein TJ, Malda J, Sah RL, Hutmacher DW. Tissue engineering of articular cartilage with biomimetic zones.. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2009 Jun;15(2):143-57.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0563pmc: PMC3121783pubmed: 19203206google scholar: lookup
  53. Kojima S, Hoso M, Watanabe M, Matsuzaki T, Hibino I, Sasaki K. Experimental joint immobilization and remobilization in the rats.. J Phys Ther Sci 2014 Jun;26(6):865-71.
    doi: 10.1589/jpts.26.865pmc: PMC4085210pubmed: 25013285google scholar: lookup
  54. Kon E, Delcogliano M, Filardo G, Fini M, Giavaresi G, Francioli S, Martin I, Pressato D, Arcangeli E, Quarto R, Sandri M, Marcacci M. Orderly osteochondral regeneration in a sheep model using a novel nano-composite multilayered biomaterial.. J Orthop Res 2010 Jan;28(1):116-24.
    pubmed: 19623663doi: 10.1002/jor.20958google scholar: lookup
  55. Kon E, Muttini A, Arcangeli E, Delcogliano M, Filardo G, Nicoli Aldini N, Pressato D, Quarto R, Zaffagnini S, Marcacci M. Novel nanostructured scaffold for osteochondral regeneration: pilot study in horses.. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010 Jun;4(4):300-8.
    doi: 10.1002/term.243pubmed: 20049745google scholar: lookup
  56. Kuroda R, Usas A, Kubo S, Corsi K, Peng H, Rose T, Cummins J, Fu FH, Huard J. Cartilage repair using bone morphogenetic protein 4 and muscle-derived stem cells.. Arthritis Rheum 2006 Feb;54(2):433-42.
    doi: 10.1002/art.21632pubmed: 16447218google scholar: lookup
  57. LaPrade RF, Kimber KA, Wentorf FA, Olson EJ. Anatomy of the posterolateral aspect of the goat knee.. J Orthop Res 2006 Feb;24(2):141-8.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.20032pubmed: 16435351google scholar: lookup
  58. Levingstone TJ, Matsiko A, Dickson GR, O'Brien FJ, Gleeson JP. A biomimetic multi-layered collagen-based scaffold for osteochondral repair.. Acta Biomater 2014 May;10(5):1996-2004.
    pubmed: 24418437doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.01.005google scholar: lookup
  59. Levingstone TJ, Thompson E, Matsiko A, Schepens A, Gleeson JP, O'Brien FJ. Multi-layered collagen-based scaffolds for osteochondral defect repair in rabbits.. Acta Biomater 2016 Mar 1;32:149-160.
    pubmed: 26724503doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.12.034google scholar: lookup
  60. Libbin RM, Rivera ME. Regeneration of growth plate cartilage induced in the neonatal rat hindlimb by reamputation.. J Orthop Res 1989;7(5):674-82.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.1100070507pubmed: 2760739google scholar: lookup
  61. Lohan A, Marzahn U, El Sayed K, Bock C, Haisch A, Kohl B, Stoelzel K, John T, Ertel W, Schulze-Tanzil G. Heterotopic and orthotopic autologous chondrocyte implantation using a minipig chondral defect model.. Ann Anat 2013 Oct;195(5):488-97.
    doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.04.009pubmed: 23742980google scholar: lookup
  62. Lu Y, Dhanaraj S, Wang Z, Bradley DM, Bowman SM, Cole BJ, Binette F. Minced cartilage without cell culture serves as an effective intraoperative cell source for cartilage repair.. J Orthop Res 2006 Jun;24(6):1261-70.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.20135pubmed: 16652342google scholar: lookup
  63. Luengo Gimeno F, Gatto S, Ferro J, Croxatto JO, Gallo JE. Preparation of platelet-rich plasma as a tissue adhesive for experimental transplantation in rabbits.. Thromb J 2006 Sep 28;4:18.
    doi: 10.1186/1477-9560-4-18pmc: PMC1601949pubmed: 17005053google scholar: lookup
  64. Madry H, Ochi M, Cucchiarini M, Pape D, Seil R. Large animal models in experimental knee sports surgery: focus on clinical translation.. J Exp Orthop 2015 Dec;2(1):9.
    doi: 10.1186/s40634-015-0025-1pmc: PMC4545948pubmed: 26914877google scholar: lookup
  65. Malda J, Benders KE, Klein TJ, de Grauw JC, Kik MJ, Hutmacher DW, Saris DB, van Weeren PR, Dhert WJ. Comparative study of depth-dependent characteristics of equine and human osteochondral tissue from the medial and lateral femoral condyles.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012 Oct;20(10):1147-51.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.06.005pubmed: 22781206google scholar: lookup
  66. Maldonado DC, Silva MC, Neto Sel-R, de Souza MR, de Souza RR. The effects of joint immobilization on articular cartilage of the knee in previously exercised rats.. J Anat 2013 May;222(5):518-25.
    doi: 10.1111/joa.12036pmc: PMC3633341pubmed: 23480127google scholar: lookup
  67. Mankin HJ. The response of articular cartilage to mechanical injury.. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982 Mar;64(3):460-6.
    pubmed: 6174527
  68. Marmotti A, Bruzzone M, Bonasia DE, Castoldi F, Rossi R, Piras L, Maiello A, Realmuto C, Peretti GM. One-step osteochondral repair with cartilage fragments in a composite scaffold.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012 Dec;20(12):2590-601.
    doi: 10.1007/s00167-012-1920-ypubmed: 22349601google scholar: lookup
  69. Marmotti A, Bruzzone M, Bonasia DE, Castoldi F, Von Degerfeld MM, Bignardi C, Mattia S, Maiello A, Rossi R, Peretti GM. Autologous cartilage fragments in a composite scaffold for one stage osteochondral repair in a goat model.. Eur Cell Mater 2013 Aug 4;26:15-31; discussion 31-2.
    pubmed: 23913344doi: 10.22203/ecm.v026a02google scholar: lookup
  70. Maruyama Y. An experimental study on cartilage foramation in autogenous perichondrial transplantation in rabbits.. Keio J Med 1979 Jul;28(2):63-72.
    doi: 10.2302/kjm.28.63pubmed: 522344google scholar: lookup
  71. Messner K, Fahlgren A, Persliden J, Andersson BM. Radiographic joint space narrowing and histologic changes in a rabbit meniscectomy model of early knee osteoarthrosis.. Am J Sports Med 2001 Mar-Apr;29(2):151-60.
    pubmed: 11292039doi: 10.1177/03635465010290020701google scholar: lookup
  72. Milano G, Sanna Passino E, Deriu L, Careddu G, Manunta L, Manunta A, Saccomanno MF, Fabbriciani C. The effect of platelet rich plasma combined with microfractures on the treatment of chondral defects: an experimental study in a sheep model.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010 Jul;18(7):971-80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.03.013pubmed: 20433936google scholar: lookup
  73. Nishino T, Ishii T, Chang F, Yanai T, Watanabe A, Ogawa T, Mishima H, Nakai K, Ochiai N. Effect of gradual weight-bearing on regenerated articular cartilage after joint distraction and motion in a rabbit model.. J Orthop Res 2010 May;28(5):600-6.
    pubmed: 19890991doi: 10.1002/jor.21016google scholar: lookup
  74. Nixon AJ, Rickey E, Butler TJ, Scimeca MS, Moran N, Matthews GL. A chondrocyte infiltrated collagen type I/III membrane (MACI® implant) improves cartilage healing in the equine patellofemoral joint model.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015 Apr;23(4):648-60.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.021pubmed: 25575968google scholar: lookup
  75. Nordling C, Karlsson-Parra A, Jansson L, Holmdahl R, Klareskog L. Characterization of a spontaneously occurring arthritis in male DBA/1 mice.. Arthritis Rheum 1992 Jun;35(6):717-22.
    doi: 10.1002/art.1780350619pubmed: 1318050google scholar: lookup
  76. Nukavarapu SP, Dorcemus DL. Osteochondral tissue engineering: current strategies and challenges.. Biotechnol Adv 2013 Sep-Oct;31(5):706-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.11.004pubmed: 23174560google scholar: lookup
  77. Orth P, Goebel L, Wolfram U, Ong MF, Gräber S, Kohn D, Cucchiarini M, Ignatius A, Pape D, Madry H. Effect of subchondral drilling on the microarchitecture of subchondral bone: analysis in a large animal model at 6 months.. Am J Sports Med 2012 Apr;40(4):828-36.
    doi: 10.1177/0363546511430376pubmed: 22223716google scholar: lookup
  78. Orth P, Meyer HL, Goebel L, Eldracher M, Ong MF, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Improved repair of chondral and osteochondral defects in the ovine trochlea compared with the medial condyle.. J Orthop Res 2013 Nov;31(11):1772-9.
    pubmed: 23813860doi: 10.1002/jor.22418google scholar: lookup
  79. Orth P, Zurakowski D, Alini M, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Reduction of sample size requirements by bilateral versus unilateral research designs in animal models for cartilage tissue engineering.. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013 Nov;19(11):885-91.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0699pmc: PMC3793650pubmed: 23510128google scholar: lookup
  80. Pallante-Kichura AL, Cory E, Bugbee WD, Sah RL. Bone cysts after osteochondral allograft repair of cartilage defects in goats suggest abnormal interaction between subchondral bone and overlying synovial joint tissues.. Bone 2013 Nov;57(1):259-68.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.08.011pmc: PMC3817208pubmed: 23958821google scholar: lookup
  81. Patil S, Steklov N, Song L, Bae WC, D'Lima DD. Comparative biomechanical analysis of human and caprine knee articular cartilage.. Knee 2014 Jan;21(1):119-25.
    doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2013.03.009pubmed: 23583005google scholar: lookup
  82. Peterson L, Minas T, Brittberg M, Lindahl A. Treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation: results at two to ten years.. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003;85-A Suppl 2:17-24.
    pubmed: 12721341doi: 10.2106/00004623-200300002-00003google scholar: lookup
  83. Proffen BL, McElfresh M, Fleming BC, Murray MM. A comparative anatomical study of the human knee and six animal species.. Knee 2012 Aug;19(4):493-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2011.07.005pmc: PMC3236814pubmed: 21852139google scholar: lookup
  84. Rautiainen J, Lehto LJ, Tiitu V, Kiekara O, Pulkkinen H, Brünott A, van Weeren R, Brommer H, Brama PA, Ellermann J, Kiviranta I, Nieminen MT, Nissi MJ. Osteochondral repair: evaluation with sweep imaging with fourier transform in an equine model.. Radiology 2013 Oct;269(1):113-21.
    doi: 10.1148/radiol.13121433pubmed: 23674789google scholar: lookup
  85. Roth JH, Mendenhall HV, McPherson GK. The effect of immobilization on goat knees following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1988 Apr;(229):278-82.
    pubmed: 3349687
  86. Russell WMS, Burch RL. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. London: Methuen; 1959.
  87. Schneider U, Schmidt-Rohlfing B, Gavenis K, Maus U, Mueller-Rath R, Andereya S. A comparative study of 3 different cartilage repair techniques.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011 Dec;19(12):2145-52.
    doi: 10.1007/s00167-011-1460-xpubmed: 21409471google scholar: lookup
  88. Shahgaldi BF. Repair of large osteochondral defects: load-bearing and structural properties of osteochondral repair tissue. Knee 1998;5(2):111–117.
    doi: 10.1016/S0968-0160(97)10004-7google scholar: lookup
  89. Shortkroff S, Barone L, Hsu HP, Wrenn C, Gagne T, Chi T, Breinan H, Minas T, Sledge CB, Tubo R, Spector M. Healing of chondral and osteochondral defects in a canine model: the role of cultured chondrocytes in regeneration of articular cartilage.. Biomaterials 1996 Jan;17(2):147-54.
    doi: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)85759-0pubmed: 8624391google scholar: lookup
  90. Singh NK, Singh GR, Jeong DK, Lee SJ. Healing of full-thickness articular cartilage defects treated with cultured autologous chondrogenic satellite cells isolated from chondral stem cell niche in rabbits.. J Surg Res 2013 Aug;183(2):629-38.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.01.056pubmed: 23481563google scholar: lookup
  91. Steadman JR, Briggs KK, Rodrigo JJ, Kocher MS, Gill TJ, Rodkey WG. Outcomes of microfracture for traumatic chondral defects of the knee: average 11-year follow-up.. Arthroscopy 2003 May-Jun;19(5):477-84.
    doi: 10.1053/jars.2003.50112pubmed: 12724676google scholar: lookup
  92. Taylor WR, Heller MO, Bergmann G, Duda GN. Tibio-femoral loading during human gait and stair climbing.. J Orthop Res 2004 May;22(3):625-32.
    doi: 10.1016/j.orthres.2003.09.003pubmed: 15099644google scholar: lookup
  93. Taylor WR, Ehrig RM, Heller MO, Schell H, Seebeck P, Duda GN. Tibio-femoral joint contact forces in sheep.. J Biomech 2006;39(5):791-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.02.006pubmed: 16488218google scholar: lookup
  94. Vachon AM, McIlwraith CW, Powers BE, McFadden PR, Amiel D. Morphologic and biochemical study of sternal cartilage autografts for resurfacing induced osteochondral defects in horses.. Am J Vet Res 1992 Jun;53(6):1038-47.
    pubmed: 1626773
  95. Vogt S, Angele P, Arnold M, Brehme K, Cotic M, Haasper C, Hinterwimmer S, Imhoff AB, Petersen W, Salzmann G, Steinwachs M, Venjakob A, Mayr HO. Practice in rehabilitation after cartilage therapy: an expert survey.. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2013 Mar;133(3):311-20.
    doi: 10.1007/s00402-012-1662-9pubmed: 23263155google scholar: lookup
  96. von Rechenberg B, Akens MK, Nadler D, Bittmann P, Zlinszky K, Kutter A, Poole AR, Auer JA. Changes in subchondral bone in cartilage resurfacing--an experimental study in sheep using different types of osteochondral grafts.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003 Apr;11(4):265-77.
    doi: 10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00006-2pubmed: 12681953google scholar: lookup
  97. Wang DA, Varghese S, Sharma B, Strehin I, Fermanian S, Gorham J, Fairbrother DH, Cascio B, Elisseeff JH. Multifunctional chondroitin sulphate for cartilage tissue-biomaterial integration.. Nat Mater 2007 May;6(5):385-92.
    doi: 10.1038/nmat1890pubmed: 17435762google scholar: lookup
  98. Wei X, Räsänen T, Messner K. Maturation-related compressive properties of rabbit knee articular cartilage and volume fraction of subchondral tissue.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1998 Nov;6(6):400-9.
    doi: 10.1053/joca.1998.0143pubmed: 10343773google scholar: lookup
  99. Wolfensohn S, Lloyd M. Handbook of Laboratory Animal Management and Welfare. 3. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2003.
  100. Yanai T, Ishii T, Chang F, Ochiai N. Repair of large full-thickness articular cartilage defects in the rabbit: the effects of joint distraction and autologous bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal cell transplantation.. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005 May;87(5):721-9.
    doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.87B5.15542pubmed: 15855379google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 91 times.
  1. Etschmaier V, Üçal M, Lohberger B, Absenger-Novak M, Kolb D, Weinberg A, Schäfer U. Disruption of Endochondral Ossification and Extracellular Matrix Maturation in an Ex Vivo Rat Femur Organotypic Slice Model Due to Growth Plate Injury. Cells 2023 Jun 22;12(13).
    doi: 10.3390/cells12131687pubmed: 37443722google scholar: lookup
  2. Penolazzi L, Straudi S, Lamberti N, Lambertini E, Bianchini C, Manfredini F, Piva R. Clinically-driven design of novel methods of investigation on skeletal health status in neurological disorders. The case of the traumatic brain injuries. Front Neurol 2023;14:1176420.
    doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1176420pubmed: 37265470google scholar: lookup
  3. Jin YJ, Park DY, Noh S, Kwon H, Shin DI, Park JH, Min BH. Effects of glycosaminoglycan content in extracellular matrix of donor cartilage on the functional properties of osteochondral allografts evaluated by micro-CT non-destructive analysis. PLoS One 2023;18(5):e0285733.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285733pubmed: 37220126google scholar: lookup
  4. Al-Mutheffer EA, Reinwald Y, El Haj AJ. Donor variability of ovine bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell - implications for cell therapy. Int J Vet Sci Med 2023;11(1):23-37.
    doi: 10.1080/23144599.2023.2197393pubmed: 37092030google scholar: lookup
  5. Cosma C, Apostu D, Vilau C, Popan A, Oltean-Dan D, Balc N, Tomoaie G, Benea H. Finite Element Analysis of Different Osseocartilaginous Reconstruction Techniques in Animal Model Knees. Materials (Basel) 2023 Mar 23;16(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ma16072546pubmed: 37048840google scholar: lookup
  6. Levingstone TJ, Sheehy EJ, Moran CJ, Cunniffe GM, Diaz Payno PJ, Brady RT, Almeida HV, Carroll SF, O'Byrne JM, Kelly DJ, Brama PA, O' Brien FJ. Evaluation of a co-culture of rapidly isolated chondrocytes and stem cells seeded on tri-layered collagen-based scaffolds in a caprine osteochondral defect model. Biomater Biosyst 2022 Dec;8:100066.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2022.100066pubmed: 36824377google scholar: lookup
  7. Fu Y, Both SK, Plass JRM, Dijkstra PJ, Zoetebier B, Karperien M. Injectable Cell-Laden Polysaccharide Hydrogels: In Vivo Evaluation of Cartilage Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2022 Oct 12;14(20).
    doi: 10.3390/polym14204292pubmed: 36297870google scholar: lookup
  8. Roncada T, Bonithon R, Blunn G, Roldo M. Soft substrates direct stem cell differentiation into the chondrogenic lineage without the use of growth factors. J Tissue Eng 2022 Jan-Dec;13:20417314221122121.
    doi: 10.1177/20417314221122121pubmed: 36199979google scholar: lookup
  9. Liu TP, Ha P, Xiao CY, Kim SY, Jensen AR, Easley J, Yao Q, Zhang X. Updates on mesenchymal stem cell therapies for articular cartilage regeneration in large animal models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022;10:982199.
    doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.982199pubmed: 36147737google scholar: lookup
  10. Banstola A, Reynolds JNJ. The Sheep as a Large Animal Model for the Investigation and Treatment of Human Disorders. Biology (Basel) 2022 Aug 23;11(9).
    doi: 10.3390/biology11091251pubmed: 36138730google scholar: lookup
  11. de Kanter AJ, Jongsma KR, Verhaar MC, Bredenoord AL. The Ethical Implications of Tissue Engineering for Regenerative Purposes: A Systematic Review. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2023 Apr;29(2):167-187.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2022.0033pubmed: 36112697google scholar: lookup
  12. Nordberg RC, Otarola GA, Wang D, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Navigating regulatory pathways for translation of biologic cartilage repair products. Sci Transl Med 2022 Aug 24;14(659):eabp8163.
    doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp8163pubmed: 36001677google scholar: lookup
  13. Jain P, Rauer SB, Möller M, Singh S. Mimicking the Natural Basement Membrane for Advanced Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2022 Aug 8;23(8):3081-3103.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00402pubmed: 35839343google scholar: lookup
  14. Ketsiri T, Uppuganti S, Harkins KD, Gochberg DF, Nyman JS, Does MD. Finite element analysis of bone mechanical properties using MRI-derived bound and pore water concentration maps. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2023 Jun;26(8):905-916.
    doi: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2098016pubmed: 35822868google scholar: lookup
  15. Kearney CM, Khatab S, van Buul GM, Plomp SGM, Korthagen NM, Labberté MC, Goodrich LR, Kisiday JD, Van Weeren PR, van Osch GJVM, Brama PAJ. Treatment Effects of Intra-Articular Allogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome in an Equine Model of Joint Inflammation. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:907616.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.907616pubmed: 35812845google scholar: lookup
  16. Mukherjee P, Roy S, Ghosh D, Nandi SK. Role of animal models in biomedical research: a review. Lab Anim Res 2022 Jul 1;38(1):18.
    doi: 10.1186/s42826-022-00128-1pubmed: 35778730google scholar: lookup
  17. Smith BL, Matuska AM, Greenwood VL, Gilat R, Wijdicks CA, Cole BJ. Autologous Fibrin Sealants Have Comparable Graft Fixation to an Allogeneic Sealant in a Biomechanical Cadaveric Model of Chondral Defect Repair. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022 Jun;4(3):e1075-e1082.
    doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2022.03.003pubmed: 35747626google scholar: lookup
  18. Lin HS, Lu TW, Li JD, Lee PA, Chen YJ. A Non-Linear Osteometric Modeling Method for Three-Dimensional Mandibular Morphological Changes During Growth: One-Year Monitoring of Miniature Pigs Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022;10:854880.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.854880pubmed: 35685094google scholar: lookup
  19. Mohd N, Razali M, Ghazali MJ, Abu Kasim NH. 3D-Printed Hydroxyapatite and Tricalcium Phosphates-Based Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Regeneration in Animal Models: A Scoping Review. Materials (Basel) 2022 Apr 2;15(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ma15072621pubmed: 35407950google scholar: lookup
  20. Gareb B, van Bakelen NB, Driessen L, Buma P, Kuipers J, Grijpma DW, Vissink A, Bos RRM, van Minnen B. Biocompatibility and degradation comparisons of four biodegradable copolymeric osteosynthesis systems used in maxillofacial surgery: A goat model with four years follow-up. Bioact Mater 2022 Nov;17:439-456.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.01.015pubmed: 35386449google scholar: lookup
  21. Koh JL, Jacob KC, Kulkarni R, Vasilion Z, Amirouche FML. Consequences of Progressive Full-Thickness Focal Chondral Defects Involving the Medial and Lateral Femoral Condyles After Meniscectomy: A Biomechanical Study Using a Goat Model. Orthop J Sports Med 2022 Mar;10(3):23259671221078598.
    doi: 10.1177/23259671221078598pubmed: 35356308google scholar: lookup
  22. Kato Y, Yanada S, Morikawa H, Okada T, Watanabe M, Takeuchi S. Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for Chondral Defects: Results Using an In Vivo Rabbit Model. Orthop J Sports Med 2022 Mar;10(3):23259671221079349.
    doi: 10.1177/23259671221079349pubmed: 35295553google scholar: lookup
  23. Alizadeh Sardroud H, Wanlin T, Chen X, Eames BF. Cartilage Tissue Engineering Approaches Need to Assess Fibrocartilage When Hydrogel Constructs Are Mechanically Loaded. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021;9:787538.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.787538pubmed: 35096790google scholar: lookup
  24. Kim M, Ahn J, Lee J, Song S, Lee S, Lee S, Kang KS. Combined Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cartilage Acellular Matrix Injection Therapy for Osteoarthritis in Goats. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022 Feb;19(1):177-187.
    doi: 10.1007/s13770-021-00407-3pubmed: 35023025google scholar: lookup
  25. Peng L, Zhang B, Luo X, Huang B, Zhou J, Jiang S, Guo W, Tian G, Tian Z, Shen S, Li Y, Sui X, Liu S, Guo Q, Li H. Small Ruminant Models for Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Int 2021;2021:5590479.
    doi: 10.1155/2021/5590479pubmed: 34912460google scholar: lookup
  26. Levingstone TJ, Moran C, Almeida HV, Kelly DJ, O'Brien FJ. Layer-specific stem cell differentiation in tri-layered tissue engineering biomaterials: Towards development of a single-stage cell-based approach for osteochondral defect repair. Mater Today Bio 2021 Sep;12:100173.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100173pubmed: 34901823google scholar: lookup
  27. Vandeweerd JM, Innocenti B, Rocasalbas G, Gautier SE, Douette P, Hermitte L, Hontoir F, Chausson M. Non-clinical assessment of lubrication and free radical scavenging of an innovative non-animal carboxymethyl chitosan biomaterial for viscosupplementation: An in-vitro and ex-vivo study. PLoS One 2021;16(10):e0256770.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256770pubmed: 34634053google scholar: lookup
  28. Zhang Y, Xing F, Luo R, Duan X. Platelet-Rich Plasma for Bone Fracture Treatment: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence in Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021;8:676033.
    doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.676033pubmed: 34414200google scholar: lookup
  29. Salonius E, Meller A, Paatela T, Vasara A, Puhakka J, Hannula M, Haaparanta AM, Kiviranta I, Muhonen V. Cartilage Repair Capacity within a Single Full-Thickness Chondral Defect in a Porcine Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis Model Is Affected by the Location within the Defect. Cartilage 2021 Dec;13(2_suppl):744S-754S.
    doi: 10.1177/19476035211030988pubmed: 34308665google scholar: lookup
  30. Lotz B, Bothe F, Deubel AK, Hesse E, Renz Y, Werner C, Schäfer S, Böck T, Groll J, von Rechenberg B, Richter W, Hagmann S. Preclinical Testing of New Hydrogel Materials for Cartilage Repair: Overcoming Fixation Issues in a Large Animal Model. Int J Biomater 2021;2021:5583815.
    doi: 10.1155/2021/5583815pubmed: 34239571google scholar: lookup
  31. AlOtaibi NM, Dunne M, Ayoub AF, Naudi KB. A novel surgical model for the preclinical assessment of the osseointegration of dental implants: a surgical protocol and pilot study results. J Transl Med 2021 Jun 28;19(1):276.
    doi: 10.1186/s12967-021-02944-wpubmed: 34183031google scholar: lookup
  32. Levinson C, Cavalli E, von Rechenberg B, Zenobi-Wong M, Darwiche SE. Combination of a Collagen Scaffold and an Adhesive Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogel for Cartilage Regeneration: A Proof of Concept in an Ovine Model. Cartilage 2021 Dec;13(2_suppl):636S-649S.
    doi: 10.1177/1947603521989417pubmed: 33511860google scholar: lookup
  33. Futrega K, Music E, Robey PG, Gronthos S, Crawford R, Saifzadeh S, Klein TJ, Doran MR. Characterisation of ovine bone marrow-derived stromal cells (oBMSC) and evaluation of chondrogenically induced micro-pellets for cartilage tissue repair in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021 Jan 7;12(1):26.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-02045-3pubmed: 33413652google scholar: lookup
  34. Sennett ML, Friedman JM, Ashley BS, Stoeckl BD, Patel JM, Alini M, Cucchiarini M, Eglin D, Madry H, Mata A, Semino C, Stoddart MJ, Johnstone B, Moutos FT, Estes BT, Guilak F, Mauck RL, Dodge GR. Long term outcomes of biomaterial-mediated repair of focal cartilage defects in a large animal model. Eur Cell Mater 2021 Jan 7;41:40-51.
    doi: 10.22203/eCM.v041a04pubmed: 33411938google scholar: lookup
  35. Chitturi Suryaprakash RT, Kujan O, Shearston K, Farah CS. Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models to Investigate Oral Carcinogenesis: A Scoping Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020 Dec 14;21(24).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms21249520pubmed: 33327663google scholar: lookup
  36. Guo JL, Kim YS, Orchard EA, van den Beucken JJJP, Jansen JA, Wong ME, Mikos AG. A Rabbit Femoral Condyle Defect Model for Assessment of Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020 Nov;26(11):554-564.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.TEC.2020.0261pubmed: 33050806google scholar: lookup
  37. Ribitsch I, Baptista PM, Lange-Consiglio A, Melotti L, Patruno M, Jenner F, Schnabl-Feichter E, Dutton LC, Connolly DJ, van Steenbeek FG, Dudhia J, Penning LC. Large Animal Models in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: To Do or Not to Do. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020;8:972.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00972pubmed: 32903631google scholar: lookup
  38. Pattappa G, Krueckel J, Schewior R, Franke D, Mench A, Koch M, Weber J, Lang S, Pfeifer CG, Johnstone B, Docheva D, Alt V, Angele P, Zellner J. Physioxia Expanded Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Have Improved Cartilage Repair in an Early Osteoarthritic Focal Defect Model. Biology (Basel) 2020 Aug 17;9(8).
    doi: 10.3390/biology9080230pubmed: 32824442google scholar: lookup
  39. Ihnatouski M, Pauk J, Karev B, Karev D. Nanomechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage Due to the PRP Injection in Experimental Osteoarthritis in Rabbits. Molecules 2020 Aug 15;25(16).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules25163734pubmed: 32824204google scholar: lookup
  40. Bansal S, Miller LM, Patel JM, Meadows KD, Eby MR, Saleh KS, Martin AR, Stoeckl BD, Hast MW, Elliott DM, Zgonis MH, Mauck RL. Transection of the medial meniscus anterior horn results in cartilage degeneration and meniscus remodeling in a large animal model. J Orthop Res 2020 Dec;38(12):2696-2708.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.24694pubmed: 32285971google scholar: lookup
  41. Hotham WE, Henson FMD. The use of large animals to facilitate the process of MSC going from laboratory to patient-'bench to bedside'. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020 Apr;36(2):103-114.
    doi: 10.1007/s10565-020-09521-9pubmed: 32206986google scholar: lookup
  42. Meng X, Ziadlou R, Grad S, Alini M, Wen C, Lai Y, Qin L, Zhao Y, Wang X. Animal Models of Osteochondral Defect for Testing Biomaterials. Biochem Res Int 2020;2020:9659412.
    doi: 10.1155/2020/9659412pubmed: 32082625google scholar: lookup
  43. Sparks DS, Saifzadeh S, Savi FM, Dlaska CE, Berner A, Henkel J, Reichert JC, Wullschleger M, Ren J, Cipitria A, McGovern JA, Steck R, Wagels M, Woodruff MA, Schuetz MA, Hutmacher DW. A preclinical large-animal model for the assessment of critical-size load-bearing bone defect reconstruction. Nat Protoc 2020 Mar;15(3):877-924.
    doi: 10.1038/s41596-019-0271-2pubmed: 32060491google scholar: lookup
  44. Fugazzola MC, van Weeren PR. Surgical osteochondral defect repair in the horse-a matter of form or function?. Equine Vet J 2020 Jul;52(4):489-499.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13231pubmed: 31958175google scholar: lookup
  45. Abdullah MF, Nuge T, Andriyana A, Ang BC, Muhamad F. Core-Shell Fibers: Design, Roles, and Controllable Release Strategies in Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2019 Dec 4;11(12).
    doi: 10.3390/polym11122008pubmed: 31817133google scholar: lookup
  46. Tothova C, Novotny J, Nagy O, Hornakova P, Zert Z, Varga M, Medvecky L, Vdoviakova K, Danko J, Petrovova E. Changes in the Acute-Phase Protein Concentrations and Activities of Some Enzymes in Pigs Following the Repair of Experimentally Induced Articular Cartilage Defects Using Two Types of Biocement Powder. Animals (Basel) 2019 Nov 7;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9110931pubmed: 31703315google scholar: lookup
  47. Nordberg RC, Mellor LF, Krause AR, Donahue HJ, Loboa EG. LRP receptors in chondrocytes are modulated by simulated microgravity and cyclic hydrostatic pressure. PLoS One 2019;14(10):e0223245.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223245pubmed: 31584963google scholar: lookup
  48. Mazzotti E, Teti G, Falconi M, Chiarini F, Barboni B, Mazzotti A, Muttini A. Age-Related Alterations Affecting the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Synovial Fluid Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in an Equine Model. Cells 2019 Sep 20;8(10).
    doi: 10.3390/cells8101116pubmed: 31547126google scholar: lookup
  49. Tumedei M, Savadori P, Del Fabbro M. Synthetic Blocks for Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019 Aug 28;20(17).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms20174221pubmed: 31466409google scholar: lookup
  50. Gilbertie JM, Schnabel LV, Hickok NJ, Jacob ME, Conlon BP, Shapiro IM, Parvizi J, Schaer TP. Equine or porcine synovial fluid as a novel ex vivo model for the study of bacterial free-floating biofilms that form in human joint infections. PLoS One 2019;14(8):e0221012.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221012pubmed: 31415623google scholar: lookup
  51. Rogala P, Uklejewski R, Winiecki M, Dąbrowski M, Gołańczyk J, Patalas A. First Biomimetic Fixation for Resurfacing Arthroplasty: Investigation in Swine of a Prototype Partial Knee Endoprosthesis. Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:6952649.
    doi: 10.1155/2019/6952649pubmed: 31355275google scholar: lookup
  52. Sasaki A, Mizuno M, Mochizuki M, Sekiya I. Mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration in dogs. World J Stem Cells 2019 May 26;11(5):254-269.
    doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i5.254pubmed: 31171954google scholar: lookup
  53. Flynn C, Hurtig M, Lamoure E, Cummins E, Roati V, Lowerison M, Jeong SY, Oh W, Zur Linden A. Modeling and Staging of Osteoarthritis Progression Using Serial CT Imaging and Arthroscopy. Cartilage 2020 Jul;11(3):338-347.
    doi: 10.1177/1947603518789997pubmed: 30079757google scholar: lookup
  54. Cengiz IF, Pereira H, de Girolamo L, Cucchiarini M, Espregueira-Mendes J, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Orthopaedic regenerative tissue engineering en route to the holy grail: disequilibrium between the demand and the supply in the operating room. J Exp Orthop 2018 May 22;5(1):14.
    doi: 10.1186/s40634-018-0133-9pubmed: 29790042google scholar: lookup
  55. Gao L, Goebel LKH, Orth P, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Subchondral drilling for articular cartilage repair: a systematic review of translational research. Dis Model Mech 2018 Jun 19;11(6).
    doi: 10.1242/dmm.034280pubmed: 29728409google scholar: lookup
  56. Castelucci BG, Consonni SR, Rosa VS, Sensiate LA, Delatti PCR, Alvares LE, Joazeiro PP. Time-dependent regulation of morphological changes and cartilage differentiation markers in the mouse pubic symphysis during pregnancy and postpartum recovery. PLoS One 2018;13(4):e0195304.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195304pubmed: 29621303google scholar: lookup
  57. Tsintou M, Dalamagkas K, Makris N. Advancing research in regeneration and repair of the motor circuitry: non-human primate models and imaging scales as the missing links for successfully translating injectable therapeutics to the clinic. Int J Stem Cell Res Ther 2016;3(2).
    doi: 10.23937/2469-570X/1410042pubmed: 29600289google scholar: lookup
  58. Lo Monaco M, Merckx G, Ratajczak J, Gervois P, Hilkens P, Clegg P, Bronckaers A, Vandeweerd JM, Lambrichts I. Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair: Preclinical Studies and Insights in Translational Animal Models and Outcome Measures. Stem Cells Int 2018;2018:9079538.
    doi: 10.1155/2018/9079538pubmed: 29535784google scholar: lookup
  59. Childress P, Brinker A, Gong CS, Harris J, Olivos DJ 3rd, Rytlewski JD, Scofield DC, Choi SY, Shirazi-Fard Y, McKinley TO, Chu TG, Conley CL, Chakraborty N, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. Forces associated with launch into space do not impact bone fracture healing. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2018 Feb;16:52-62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.11.002pubmed: 29475520google scholar: lookup
  60. Kant RJ, Coulombe KLK. Integrated approaches to spatiotemporally directing angiogenesis in host and engineered tissues. Acta Biomater 2018 Mar 15;69:42-62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.017pubmed: 29371132google scholar: lookup
  61. Athalye-Jape G, Rao S, Patole S. Effects of probiotics on experimental necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Res 2018 Jan;83(1-1):16-22.
    doi: 10.1038/pr.2017.218pubmed: 28949953google scholar: lookup
  62. Rakic R, Bourdon B, Hervieu M, Branly T, Legendre F, Saulnier N, Audigié F, Maddens S, Demoor M, Galera P. RNA Interference and BMP-2 Stimulation Allows Equine Chondrocytes Redifferentiation in 3D-Hypoxia Cell Culture Model: Application for Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation. Int J Mol Sci 2017 Aug 24;18(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms18091842pubmed: 28837082google scholar: lookup
  63. Ghiasi MS, Chen J, Vaziri A, Rodriguez EK, Nazarian A. Bone fracture healing in mechanobiological modeling: A review of principles and methods. Bone Rep 2017 Jun;6:87-100.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2017.03.002pubmed: 28377988google scholar: lookup
  64. Vindas Bolaños RA, Cokelaere SM, Estrada McDermott JM, Benders KE, Gbureck U, Plomp SG, Weinans H, Groll J, van Weeren PR, Malda J. The use of a cartilage decellularized matrix scaffold for the repair of osteochondral defects: the importance of long-term studies in a large animal model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017 Mar;25(3):413-420.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.08.005pubmed: 27554995google scholar: lookup
  65. Smith CJ, Watkins AR, Lucas AA, Moniodes AJ, Ritchie C, Thompson TP, Schaer TP, Gilmore BF, Hickok NJ, Freeman TA. Cold Plasma Generates a Localized Inflammatory Response and Promotes Muscle Repair. Adv Ther (Weinh) 2025 Jul;8(7).
    doi: 10.1002/adtp.202500097pubmed: 41551822google scholar: lookup
  66. Wang HS, Zhang C. Efficacy of nano-silver small intestine submucosa repair of osteochondral defect in rabbit model by the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 pathway. Hereditas 2026 Jan 19;163(1):25.
    doi: 10.1186/s41065-026-00635-4pubmed: 41549308google scholar: lookup
  67. Tan TL, Tseng Y, Li JW, Yang CT, Chen HY, Lee HI, Liu JJ, Yang YY, Tseng H. A New Way to Engineer Cell Sheets for Articular Cartilage Regeneration. J Funct Biomater 2025 Nov 25;16(12).
    doi: 10.3390/jfb16120437pubmed: 41440614google scholar: lookup
  68. Elahi SA, Castro-Viñuelas R, Tanska P, Maes L, Famaey N, Korhonen RK, Jonkers I. An in silico mechanoregulatory model of depth-dependent adaptations to mechanical loading in intact and damaged cartilage: a proof of concept study. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2025 Dec 12;25(1):2.
    doi: 10.1007/s10237-025-02027-5pubmed: 41384967google scholar: lookup
  69. Debnath A, Bhattacharya M, Chakraborty C, Das A. Potential role of different animal models for the evaluation of bioactive compounds. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2025 Nov;87(11):7288-7305.
    doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000003860pubmed: 41180662google scholar: lookup
  70. Weimer L, Schmidt LM, Sengle G, Krüger M, Smith AM, Brändlin I, Zaucke F. Localisation-Dependent Variations in Articular Cartilage ECM: Implications for Tissue Engineering and Cartilage Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2025 Sep 24;26(19).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms26199331pubmed: 41096604google scholar: lookup
  71. Choudhary OP. Animal models for surgeries and implants: a vital tool in medical research and development. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2025 Jul;87(7):4090-4095.
    doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000003400pubmed: 40851997google scholar: lookup
  72. Aswathy SH, Narendrakumar U, Manjubala I. An Overview of Approaches and Evaluation Methods for Tissue-Engineered Articular Cartilage Constructs in Animal Models. Ann Biomed Eng 2025 Nov;53(11):3009-3030.
    doi: 10.1007/s10439-025-03819-7pubmed: 40828224google scholar: lookup
  73. Henry A, Benner C, CoVan B, Helin A, Gaddy D, Suva LJ, Robbins AB. Modeling and prediction of body segment inertial properties of sheep from tomographic imaging. J Biomech 2025 Sep;190:112848.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112848pubmed: 40680685google scholar: lookup
  74. Stamnitz S, Krawczenko A, Klimczak A. Combined TGF-β3 and FGF-2 Stimulation Enhances Chondrogenic Potential of Ovine Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs. Cells 2025 Jul 2;14(13).
    doi: 10.3390/cells14131013pubmed: 40643533google scholar: lookup
  75. Contentin R, Jehl C, Commenchail K, Legendre F, Galéra P, Cassé F, Demoor M. Mechanical Stimulation of Equine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Cartilage-Like In Vitro Model Triggers Osteoarthritis Features. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2025 Jul 14;11(7):4153-4165.
    doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00500pubmed: 40512481google scholar: lookup
  76. Nonaka T, Nakamura A, Murata D, Yoshizato H, Kashimoto S, Nagaishi Y, Itoh M, Zujur D, Zhao C, Inada Y, Ikeya M, Toguchida J, Mawatari M, Nakayama K. Xenograft of bio-3D printed scaffold-free cartilage constructs derived from human iPSCs to regenerate articular cartilage in immunodeficient pigs. Regen Ther 2025 Jun;29:506-516.
    doi: 10.1016/j.reth.2025.04.018pubmed: 40453698google scholar: lookup
  77. Yao Y, Cao J, Ding C. Mesenchymal stem cells improve osteoarthritis by secreting superoxide dismutase to regulate oxidative stress response. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2025 Apr 24;26(1):409.
    doi: 10.1186/s12891-025-08670-4pubmed: 40275189google scholar: lookup
  78. Nguyen MN, Vu BT, Truong DM, Le TD, Vo TT, Vo TV, Nguyen TH. Fabrication of 3-Dimensional-Printed Bilayered Scaffold Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Oxidized Xanthan Gum, Biphasic Calcium Phosphate for Osteochondral Regeneration. Biomater Res 2025;29:0186.
    doi: 10.34133/bmr.0186pubmed: 40207259google scholar: lookup
  79. Peng X, Wu F, Hu Y, Chen Y, Wei Y, Xu W. Current advances in animal model of meniscal injury: From meniscal injury to osteoarthritis. J Orthop Translat 2025 Jan;50:388-402.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.11.005pubmed: 40171109google scholar: lookup
  80. Hong JY, Kim H, Jeon WJ, Yeo C, Kim H, Lee J, Lee YJ, Ha IH. Animal Models of Intervertebral Disc Diseases: Advantages, Limitations, and Future Directions. Neurol Int 2024 Dec 9;16(6):1788-1818.
    doi: 10.3390/neurolint16060129pubmed: 39728755google scholar: lookup
  81. Varela L, van de Lest CHA, van Weeren PR, Wauben MHM. Synovial fluid extracellular vesicles as arthritis biomarkers: the added value of lipid-profiling and integrated omics. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucl Acids 2024;5(2):276-296.
    doi: 10.20517/evcna.2024.14pubmed: 39698533google scholar: lookup
  82. Muniz TDTP, Rossi MC, de Vasconcelos Machado VM, Alves ALG. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Tissue Bioengineering Applications in Sheep as Ideal Model. Stem Cells Int 2024;2024:5176251.
    doi: 10.1155/2024/5176251pubmed: 39465229google scholar: lookup
  83. Karami P, Laurent A, Philippe V, Applegate LA, Pioletti DP, Martin R. Cartilage Repair: Promise of Adhesive Orthopedic Hydrogels. Int J Mol Sci 2024 Sep 16;25(18).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms25189984pubmed: 39337473google scholar: lookup
  84. Lewis JA, Nemke B, Lu Y, Sather NA, McClendon MT, Mullen M, Yuan SC, Ravuri SK, Bleedorn JA, Philippon MJ, Huard J, Markel MD, Stupp SI. A bioactive supramolecular and covalent polymer scaffold for cartilage repair in a sheep model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024 Aug 13;121(33):e2405454121.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.2405454121pubmed: 39106310google scholar: lookup
  85. Zhou L, Ho KK, Zheng L, Xu J, Chen Z, Ye X, Zou L, Li Y, Chang L, Shao H, Li X, Long J, Nie Y, Stoddart MJ, Lai Y, Qin L. A rabbit osteochondral defect (OCD) model for evaluation of tissue engineered implants on their biosafety and efficacy in osteochondral repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024;12:1352023.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1352023pubmed: 38766649google scholar: lookup
  86. Suderman RP, Hurtig MB, Grynpas MD, Kuzyk PRT, Changoor A. Effect of Press-Fit Size on Insertion Mechanics and Cartilage Viability in Human and Ovine Osteochondral Grafts. Cartilage 2024 Apr 23;:19476035241247297.
    doi: 10.1177/19476035241247297pubmed: 38651510google scholar: lookup
  87. Andersen C, Jacobsen S, Uvebrant K, Griffin JF 4th, Vonk LA, Walters M, Berg LC, Lundgren-Åkerlund E, Lindegaard C. Integrin α10β1-Selected Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduce Pain and Cartilage Degradation and Increase Immunomodulation in an Equine Osteoarthritis Model. Cartilage 2025 Jun;16(2):250-264.
    doi: 10.1177/19476035231209402pubmed: 37990503google scholar: lookup
  88. Kearney CM, Korthagen NM, Plomp SGM, Labberté MC, de Grauw JC, van Weeren PR, Brama PAJ. A Translational Model for Repeated Episodes of Joint Inflammation: Welfare, Clinical and Synovial Fluid Biomarker Assessment. Animals (Basel) 2023 Oct 12;13(20).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13203190pubmed: 37893914google scholar: lookup
  89. Arteaga A, Biguetti CC, Chandrashekar BL, Mora J, Qureshi A, Rios E, La Fontaine J, Rodrigues DC. A Model Study to Evaluate Osseointegration and Fracture Healing Following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) in Diabetic Lewis Rats. J Foot Ankle Surg 2023 Sep-Oct;62(5):832-839.
    doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2023.04.011pubmed: 37169119google scholar: lookup
  90. González Vázquez AG, Blokpoel Ferreras LA, Bennett KE, Casey SM, Brama PA, O'Brien FJ. Systematic Comparison of Biomaterials-Based Strategies for Osteochondral and Chondral Repair in Large Animal Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2021 Oct;10(20):e2100878.
    doi: 10.1002/adhm.202100878pubmed: 34405587google scholar: lookup
  91. Diloksumpan P, Bolaños RV, Cokelaere S, Pouran B, de Grauw J, van Rijen M, van Weeren R, Levato R, Malda J. Orthotopic Bone Regeneration within 3D Printed Bioceramic Scaffolds with Region-Dependent Porosity Gradients in an Equine Model. Adv Healthc Mater 2020 May;9(10):e1901807.
    doi: 10.1002/adhm.201901807pubmed: 32324336google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.