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Calcified tissue international2021; 109(3); 303-328; doi: 10.1007/s00223-021-00866-9

The Bone Cartilage Interface and Osteoarthritis.

Abstract: This review describes results obtained with tissue from prior studies of equine and human osteoarthritis (OA). The main methods considered are scanning electron microscopy, novel methods in light microscopy and X-ray Micro-tomography. The same samples have been re-utilised in several ways. The tissues described are hyaline articular cartilage (HAC; or substitutes), with its deep layer, articular calcified cartilage (ACC), whose deep surface is resorbed in cutting cone events to allow the deposition of subchondral bone (SCB). Multiple tidemarks are normal. Turnover at the osteochondral (ACC-HAC-SCB) junction is downregulated by overload exercise, conversely, during rest periods. Consequent lack of support predisposes to microfracture of the ACC-SCB plate, in the resorption-related repair phase of which the plate is further undermined to form sink holes. The following characteristics contribute to the OA scenario: penetrating resorption canals and local loss of ACC; cracking of ACC and SCB; sealing of cracks with High-Density Mineral Infill (HDMI); extrusion of HDMI into HAC to form High-Density Mineral Protrusions (HDMP) in HAC which may fragment and contribute to its destruction; SCB marrow space infilling and densification with (at first) woven bone; disruption, fibrillation and loss of HAC; eburnation; repair with abnormal tissues including fibrocartilage and woven bone; attachment of Sharpey fibres to SCB trabeculae and adipocyte-moulded extensions to trabeculae (excrescences).
© 2021. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2021-06-04 PubMed ID: 34086084PubMed Central: PMC8403126DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00866-9Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article delves into previous studies of equine and human osteoarthritis, focusing on the bone cartilage interface and its function. It explores the changes this interface experiences during the disease and how the process can contribute to the progression of osteoarthritis.

Approach and Methods

  • The researchers utilized various methods to examine the bone-cartilage interface in detail. These included scanning electron microscopy, novel methods in light microscopy and X-ray Micro-tomography.
  • The same samples were re-utilised in several ways to gain a richer understanding of the tissues and the changes they undergo.

Subjects of Study

  • The tissues that were focused on are hyaline articular cartilage (HAC) and its deep layer, articular calcified cartilage (ACC).
  • The deep surface of the ACC is resorbed in cutting cone events to allow the deposition of subchondral bone (SCB). This osteochondral junction is found to have a normal presence of multiple tidemarks.

Findings

  • The article suggests that excessive exercise can slow down the turnover at the osteochondral junction. Conversely, rest periods are found to diminish support, making it susceptible to microfracture of the ACC-SCB plate.
  • The process of repair following these microfractures can create further issues, such as the formation of sink holes due to the plate’s undermining in the repair phase.
  • Several changes and events contribute to the progression of osteoarthritis – including penetrating resorption canals, local loss of ACC, cracks in ACC and SCB, presence of High-Density Mineral Infill (HDMI) in cracks and in HAC as High-Density Mineral Protrusions (HDMP).
  • The extrusion of HDMP into HAC and their fragmentation can cause its destruction and progress osteoarthritis.
  • Other contributing factors include the marrow space of SCB being filled and densified with woven bone initially, loss and disruption of HAC, and its repair with abnormal tissues like fibrocartilage and woven bone.
  • This study also throws light on the attachments of Sharpey fibres to SCB trabeculae and the formation of adipocyte-moulded extensions to trabeculae, dubbed excrescences.

Cite This Article

APA
Boyde A. (2021). The Bone Cartilage Interface and Osteoarthritis. Calcif Tissue Int, 109(3), 303-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-021-00866-9

Publication

Calcified tissue international
ISSN: 1432-0827
NlmUniqueID: 7905481
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 109
Issue: 3
Pages: 303-328

Researcher Affiliations

Boyde, Alan
  • Dental Physical Sciences Imaging Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Campus, London, E1 4NS, UK. a.boyde@qmul.ac.uk.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bone and Bones
  • Cartilage, Articular
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  • Osteoarthritis
  • X-Ray Microtomography

Conflict of Interest Statement

The author has no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

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