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Veterinary world2020; 13(5); 847-859; doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.847-859

The different hormonal system during exercise stress coping in horses.

Abstract: The review discusses the hormonal changes during exercise stress. The exercise generally produces a rise of adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone, arginine vasopressine, etc., and a drop of insulin. The hormonal events during reestablishment of homeostasis due to exercise stress can be divided into a catabolic phase, with decreased tolerance of effort, and reversible biochemical, hormonal and immunological changes, and an anabolic phase, with a higher adaptive capacity, and enhanced performance. The two main hormonal axes activated in the catabolic phase are sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, while in the anabolic phase, growth hormone-insulin-like factor I axis, and gonadal axes. The hormonal responses during exercise and recovery can be regarded as regulatory and integrated endocrine responses. The increase of catecholamines and ACTH is dependent on the intensity of exercise; a marked increase in plasma A occurs during exercises with high emotional content. The response of cortisol is correlated with the duration of exercise, while the effect of exercise duration on b-endorphin changes is highly dependent on the type of exercise performed. Cortisol and b-endorphin changes usually occur in phase, but not during exercises with high emotional content. Glucocorticoids and iodothyronines are involved in meeting immediate energy demands, and a model of functional interactions between HPA axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during exercise stress is proposed. A modulation of coping responses to different energy demanding physical activities required for sport activities could be hypothesized. This review supports the proposed regulation of hypophysiotropic TRHergic neurons as metabolic integrators during exercise stress. Many hormonal systems (ghrelin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol) are activated to control substrate mobilizations and utilization. The cardiovascular homeostasis, the fluid and electrolyte balance during exercise are highly dependent on vasoactive hormones (antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, and prostaglandins) control.
Copyright: © Ferlazzo, et al.
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Publication Date: 2020-05-06 PubMed ID: 32636578PubMed Central: PMC7311877DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.847-859Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article studied the hormonal changes in horses during exercise stress, finding that various hormones increase and decrease, leading to a catabolic and an anabolic phase. The authors suggest that the hormonal responses observed are integrated regulatory responses to uphold balance in the body.

Key Findings

  • The research found that exercise typically precipitates a rise in several hormones including adrenaline, noradrenaline, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone, arginine vasopressine, and a notable drop of insulin.
  • The changes correspond with phases of exercise: the catabolic phase, which sees decreased tolerance of effort and reversible biochemical, hormonal, and immunological changes, and the anabolic phase characterized by greater adaptive capacity and improved performance.
  • The principal hormone systems triggered during the catabolic and anabolic phases are the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system respectively along with the growth hormone-insulin-like factor I and gonadal axes.

Hormonal Responses

  • The research indicates that the intensity of exercise dictates the increase of catecholamines and ACTH. More emotionally charged exercises stimulate a larger rise in plasma adrenaline.
  • Correlation was found between cortisol response and the duration of exercise. The impact of exercise duration on b-endorphin changes majorly depends on the type of exercise undertaken.
  • While cortisol and b-endorphin changes generally occur simultaneously, this was not found to be the case during exercises with high emotional content.

Endocrine Responses During Exercise

  • Glucocorticoids and iodothyronines play a fundamental role in satisfying immediate energy needs. A theoretical model of functional interactions between the HPA axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in response to exercise stress was proposed in the review.
  • The researchers speculated a modulation of coping responses to varying energy demanding physical activities required for sporting activities.
  • The research endorses the proposed regulation of hypophysiotropic TRHergic neurons as metabolic integrators during exercise stress. Multiple hormonal systems including ghrelin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol are activated to manage substrate mobilizations and utilization.
  • Preservation of cardiovascular homeostasis, and fluid and electrolyte balance is heavily reliant on vasoactive hormones, such as antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, and prostaglandins, during exercise.

Cite This Article

APA
Ferlazzo A, Cravana C, Fazio E, Medica P. (2020). The different hormonal system during exercise stress coping in horses. Vet World, 13(5), 847-859. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.847-859

Publication

Veterinary world
ISSN: 0972-8988
NlmUniqueID: 101504872
Country: India
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 5
Pages: 847-859

Researcher Affiliations

Ferlazzo, Adriana
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy.
Cravana, Cristina
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy.
Fazio, Esterina
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy.
Medica, Pietro
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy.

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Citations

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