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Parasitology research2022; 121(10); 2775-2791; doi: 10.1007/s00436-022-07627-z

The equine ascarids: resuscitating historic model organisms for modern purposes.

Abstract: The equine ascarids, Parascaris spp., are important nematode parasites of juvenile horses and were historically model organisms in the field of cell biology, leading to many important discoveries, and are used for the study of chromatin diminution. In veterinary parasitology, Parascaris spp. are important not only because they can cause clinical disease in young horses but also because they are the only ascarid parasites to have developed widespread anthelmintic resistance. Despite this, much of the general biology and mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance are poorly understood. This review condenses known basic biological information and knowledge on the mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance in Parascaris spp., highlighting the importance of foundational research programs. Although two variants of this parasite were recognized based on the number of chromosomes in the 1870s and suggested to be two species in 1890, one of these, P. univalens, appears to have been largely forgotten in the veterinary scientific literature over the past 100 years. We describe how this omission has had a century-long effect on nomenclature and data analysis in the field, highlighting the importance of proper specimen identification in public repositories. A summary of important basic biology, including life cycle, in vitro maintenance, and immunology, is given, and areas of future research for the improvement of knowledge and development of new systems are given. Finally, the limited knowledge regarding anthelmintic resistance in Parascaris spp. is summarized, along with caution regarding assumptions that resistance mechanisms can be applied across clades.
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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Publication Date: 2022-08-20 PubMed ID: 35986167PubMed Central: PMC9391215DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07627-zGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article examines the biology of equine ascarids (a type of equine parasite) and aspects of anthelmintic resistance found in these organisms. The study focuses on the importance of revitalizing historical models for modern research and highlights gaps in knowledge related to the biology of these parasites and resistance to treatments.

Background of the Research

  • The study focuses on Equine ascarids (Parascaris spp.) which are nematode parasites affecting young horses. These organisms were historically used as models in cell biology research, offering significant insights, particularly in chromatin diminution studies.
  • Notably, these parasites are the only ascarid species known to have developed widespread resistance to anthelmintics – drugs used to treat parasitic infections.
  • Despite their relevance, there is limited understanding of the general biology of these parasites and the mechanisms underlying their anthelmintic resistance. The research aims to condense known information on these salient aspects, underlining the necessity for foundational research programs.

Two Variants: Importance of Correct Identification

  • Around the 1870s, two variants of this parasite, based on their chromosome number, were identified and even suggested as two separate species by 1890. However, one variant, Parascaris univalens, has been largely overlooked in veterinary scientific literature over the past century.
  • The omission of this variant has greatly impacted nomenclature and data analysis in this field of study, underlining the importance of correct identification of specimens in public repositories.

Aspects of Basic Biology of Equine Ascarids

  • The research provides an overview of the basic biology of these parasites, including their life cycle, in vitro maintenance, and immunology.
  • It highlights areas for future research that could help in enhancing knowledge and in the development of new systems.

Anthelmintic Resistance in Parascaris Spp.

  • The study also delves into the limited existing knowledge regarding anthelmintic resistance in Parascaris spp.
  • It cautions against the assumption that resistance mechanisms can be universally applied across different clades – groups of organisms descending from a common ancestor.

Cite This Article

APA
Cain JL, Nielsen MK. (2022). The equine ascarids: resuscitating historic model organisms for modern purposes. Parasitol Res, 121(10), 2775-2791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-022-07627-z

Publication

Parasitology research
ISSN: 1432-1955
NlmUniqueID: 8703571
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 121
Issue: 10
Pages: 2775-2791

Researcher Affiliations

Cain, Jennifer L
  • M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd., Lexington, KY, 40546, USA. jennifer.cain@uky.edu.
Nielsen, Martin K
  • M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd., Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Anthelmintics / therapeutic use
  • Ascaridida Infections / veterinary
  • Ascaridoidea / genetics
  • Drug Resistance
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horses

Conflict of Interest Statement

Dr. Martin Nielsen holds stock in and Jennifer Cain is an employee of Parasight System, Inc., a company that is manufacturing an automated parasite egg counting technique.

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