FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Anim Health Res Rev / The equine intestinal microbiome.
Animal health research reviews2012; 13(1); 121-128; doi: 10.1017/S1466252312000035

The equine intestinal microbiome.

Abstract: The equine intestinal tract contains a complex microbial population (microbiota) that plays an important role in health and disease. Despite the undeniable importance of a 'normal' microbiota, understanding of the composition and function of this population is currently limited. As methods to characterize the microbiota and its genetic makeup (the microbiome) have evolved, the composition and complexity of this population are starting to be revealed. As is befitting a hindgut fermenter, members of the Firmicutes phylum appear to predominate, yet there are significant populations of numerous other phyla. The microbiome appears to be profoundly altered in certain disease states, and better understanding of these alterations may offer hope for novel preventive and therapeutic measures. The development and increasing availability of next generation sequencing and bioinformatics methods offer a revolution in microbiome evaluation and it is likely that significant advances will be made in the near future. Yet, proper use of these methods requires further study of basic aspects such as optimal testing protocols, the relationship of the fecal microbiome to more proximal locations where disease occurs, normal intra- and inter-horse variation, seasonal variation, and similar factors.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2012-05-25 PubMed ID: 22626511DOI: 10.1017/S1466252312000035Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research explores the complexity and the role of the microbiome in the horse’s intestinal tract in health and disease situations. The study points out the significance of understanding the structure, composition and functionalities of the microbiome and highlights the use of next-generation sequencing tools for detailed microbiome evaluations.

Understanding the Equine Intestinal Microbiome

  • The research provides fundamental insights into the complexity of the microbiota, the population of microorganisms residing in the horse’s intestinal tract. This microbiota plays a significant role in maintaining the equine’s overall health and its susceptibility to various diseases. Thus, the ‘normal’ microbiota is an essential aspect in the discussion of equine health and pathology.
  • The study points out the limitations in understanding the intricate structure and purpose of the microbiota due to its genetic viciableness. As recent advances in microbiome characterization techniques have expanded, new insights are being gained about the composition and multifaceted nature of the microbiota.
  • As per the paper, the most dominant group within the microbial community is from the Firmicutes phylum considering the equine’s biological characteristics as a hindgut fermenter. However, substantial populations of other phyla are also noted.

Microbiome Modifications in Disease Conditions

  • Researchers have identified a dramatic shift in the microbiome structure occurring during certain disease states. This understanding lends hope towards the development and institution of new protective and treatment measures.

Future Prospects in Microbiome Analysis

  • The radically evolving sectors of next-gen sequencing techniques and bioinformatics promise a revolution in the study and evaluation of the microbiome, indicated in the research paper.
  • However, to effectively employ these methodologies requires a comprehensive understanding of various fundamental parameters like most suited testing protocols, correlating the data obtained from fecal microbiome to proximal disease locations, understanding the normal inter-horse and intra-horse variance, seasonal fluctuations, and similar elements.

Conclusions

  • The observations in this research shed light on the intricate balance of the microbial population in the equine gut and its integral role in both health and disease. The advancements in microbiome characterization methodologies have the potential to significantly impact the approach and treatment measures in equine health structuring.

Cite This Article

APA
Costa MC, Weese JS. (2012). The equine intestinal microbiome. Anim Health Res Rev, 13(1), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252312000035

Publication

Animal health research reviews
ISSN: 1475-2654
NlmUniqueID: 101083072
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 121-128

Researcher Affiliations

Costa, Marcio C
  • Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada.
Weese, J Scott

    MeSH Terms

    • Animals
    • Bacteria / classification
    • Bacteria / genetics
    • Bacteria / growth & development
    • Feces / microbiology
    • Horse Diseases / microbiology
    • Horses / microbiology
    • Humans
    • Intestines / microbiology
    • Metagenome

    Citations

    This article has been cited 57 times.
    1. Zakia LS, Gomez DE, Caddey BB, Boerlin P, Surette MG, Arroyo LG. Direct and culture-enriched 16S rRNA sequencing of cecal content of healthy horses and horses with typhlocolitis. PLoS One 2023;18(4):e0284193.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284193pubmed: 37053174google scholar: lookup
    2. Boisseau M, Dhorne-Pollet S, Bars-Cortina D, Courtot É, Serreau D, Annonay G, Lluch J, Gesbert A, Reigner F, Sallé G, Mach N. Species interactions, stability, and resilience of the gut microbiota - Helminth assemblage in horses. iScience 2023 Feb 17;26(2):106044.
      doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106044pubmed: 36818309google scholar: lookup
    3. Perricone V, Sandrini S, Irshad N, Comi M, Lecchi C, Savoini G, Agazzi A. The Role of Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Supporting Gut Health in Horses: An Updated Review on Its Effects on Digestibility and Intestinal and Fecal Microbiota. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 9;12(24).
      doi: 10.3390/ani12243475pubmed: 36552396google scholar: lookup
    4. Li XB, Huang XX, Li Q, Li XY, Li JH, Li C, He LJ, Jing HX, Yang KL. Effects of different grains on bacterial diversity and enzyme activity associated with digestion of starch in the foal stomach. BMC Vet Res 2022 Nov 17;18(1):407.
      doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03510-2pubmed: 36397114google scholar: lookup
    5. Weinert-Nelson JR, Biddle AS, Williams CA. Fecal microbiome of horses transitioning between warm-season and cool-season grass pasture within integrated rotational grazing systems. Anim Microbiome 2022 Jun 21;4(1):41.
      doi: 10.1186/s42523-022-00192-xpubmed: 35729677google scholar: lookup
    6. Lara F, Castro R, Thomson P. Changes in the gut microbiome and colic in horses: Are they causes or consequences?. Open Vet J 2022 Mar-Apr;12(2):242-249.
      doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i2.12pubmed: 35603065google scholar: lookup
    7. Navarro MA, Arroyo LG, Uzal FA. Special section on diseases of the equine gastrointestinal tract. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022 May;34(3):353.
      doi: 10.1177/10406387221081217pubmed: 35291888google scholar: lookup
    8. Rodríguez N, Whitfield-Cargile CM, Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Hildreth E, Jordan W, Coleman MC. Nasopharyngeal bacterial and fungal microbiota in normal horses and horses with nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Nov;35(6):2897-2911.
      doi: 10.1111/jvim.16307pubmed: 34783081google scholar: lookup
    9. Laustsen L, Edwards JE, Hermes GDA, Lúthersson N, van Doorn DA, Okrathok S, Kujawa TJ, Smidt H. Free Faecal Water: Analysis of Horse Faecal Microbiota and the Impact of Faecal Microbial Transplantation on Symptom Severity. Animals (Basel) 2021 Sep 23;11(10).
      doi: 10.3390/ani11102776pubmed: 34679798google scholar: lookup
    10. Akter R, El-Hage CM, Sansom FM, Carrick J, Devlin JM, Legione AR. Metagenomic investigation of potential abortigenic pathogens in foetal tissues from Australian horses. BMC Genomics 2021 Oct 2;22(1):713.
      doi: 10.1186/s12864-021-08010-5pubmed: 34600470google scholar: lookup
    11. Fernandes KA, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Kittelmann S, Bolwell CF, Bermingham EN, Biggs PJ, Thomas DG. Resilience of Faecal Microbiota in Stabled Thoroughbred Horses Following Abrupt Dietary Transition between Freshly Cut Pasture and Three Forage-Based Diets. Animals (Basel) 2021 Sep 6;11(9).
      doi: 10.3390/ani11092611pubmed: 34573577google scholar: lookup
    12. Fernandes KA, Gee EK, Rogers CW, Kittelmann S, Biggs PJ, Bermingham EN, Bolwell CF, Thomas DG. Seasonal Variation in the Faecal Microbiota of Mature Adult Horses Maintained on Pasture in New Zealand. Animals (Basel) 2021 Aug 4;11(8).
      doi: 10.3390/ani11082300pubmed: 34438757google scholar: lookup
    13. Quiñones-Pérez C, Hidalgo M, Ortiz I, Crespo F, Vega-Pla JL. Characterization of the seminal bacterial microbiome of healthy, fertile stallions using next-generation sequencing. Anim Reprod 2021;18(2):e20200052.
      doi: 10.1590/1984-3143-AR2020-0052pubmed: 34394753google scholar: lookup
    14. Park T, Cheong H, Yoon J, Kim A, Yun Y, Unno T. Comparison of the Fecal Microbiota of Horses with Intestinal Disease and Their Healthy Counterparts. Vet Sci 2021 Jun 17;8(6).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci8060113pubmed: 34204317google scholar: lookup
    15. Park T, Yoon J, Kim A, Unno T, Yun Y. Comparison of the Gut Microbiota of Jeju and Thoroughbred Horses in Korea. Vet Sci 2021 May 11;8(5).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci8050081pubmed: 34064714google scholar: lookup
    16. Martin de Bustamante M, Plummer C, MacNicol J, Gomez D. Impact of Ambient Temperature Sample Storage on the Equine Fecal Microbiota. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 15;11(3).
      doi: 10.3390/ani11030819pubmed: 33803934google scholar: lookup
    17. Kauter A, Epping L, Semmler T, Antao EM, Kannapin D, Stoeckle SD, Gehlen H, Lübke-Becker A, Günther S, Wieler LH, Walther B. The gut microbiome of horses: current research on equine enteral microbiota and future perspectives. Anim Microbiome 2019 Nov 13;1(1):14.
      doi: 10.1186/s42523-019-0013-3pubmed: 33499951google scholar: lookup
    18. McKinney CA, Bedenice D, Pacheco AP, Oliveira BCM, Paradis MR, Mazan M, Widmer G. Assessment of clinical and microbiota responses to fecal microbial transplantation in adult horses with diarrhea. PLoS One 2021;16(1):e0244381.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244381pubmed: 33444319google scholar: lookup
    19. Garber A, Hastie P, McGuinness D, Malarange P, Murray JA. Abrupt dietary changes between grass and hay alter faecal microbiota of ponies. PLoS One 2020;15(8):e0237869.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237869pubmed: 32810164google scholar: lookup
    20. Arroyo LG, Rossi L, Santos BP, Gomez DE, Surette MG, Costa MC. Luminal and Mucosal Microbiota of the Cecum and Large Colon of Healthy and Diarrheic Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020 Aug 12;10(8).
      doi: 10.3390/ani10081403pubmed: 32806591google scholar: lookup
    21. Kaiser-Thom S, Hilty M, Gerber V. Effects of hypersensitivity disorders and environmental factors on the equine intestinal microbiota. Vet Q 2020 Dec;40(1):97-107.
      doi: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1745317pubmed: 32189583google scholar: lookup
    22. Lindenberg F, Krych L, Fielden J, Kot W, Frøkiær H, van Galen G, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK. Expression of immune regulatory genes correlate with the abundance of specific Clostridiales and Verrucomicrobia species in the equine ileum and cecum. Sci Rep 2019 Sep 3;9(1):12674.
      doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49081-5pubmed: 31481726google scholar: lookup
    23. Li Y, Zhang K, Liu Y, Li K, Hu D, Wronski T. Community Composition and Diversity of Intestinal Microbiota in Captive and Reintroduced Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii). Front Microbiol 2019;10:1821.
      doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01821pubmed: 31440229google scholar: lookup
    24. Glatter M, Borewicz K, van den Bogert B, Wensch-Dorendorf M, Bochnia M, Greef JM, Bachmann M, Smidt H, Breves G, Zeyner A. Modification of the equine gastrointestinal microbiota by Jerusalem artichoke meal supplementation. PLoS One 2019;14(8):e0220553.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220553pubmed: 31393892google scholar: lookup
    25. Zommiti M, Chikindas ML, Ferchichi M. Probiotics-Live Biotherapeutics: a Story of Success, Limitations, and Future Prospects-Not Only for Humans. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020 Sep;12(3):1266-1289.
      doi: 10.1007/s12602-019-09570-5pubmed: 31376026google scholar: lookup
    26. Peachey LE, Castro C, Molena RA, Jenkins TP, Griffin JL, Cantacessi C. Dysbiosis associated with acute helminth infections in herbivorous youngstock - observations and implications. Sci Rep 2019 Jul 31;9(1):11121.
      doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47204-6pubmed: 31366962google scholar: lookup
    27. Youngblut ND, Reischer GH, Walters W, Schuster N, Walzer C, Stalder G, Ley RE, Farnleitner AH. Host diet and evolutionary history explain different aspects of gut microbiome diversity among vertebrate clades. Nat Commun 2019 May 16;10(1):2200.
      doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10191-3pubmed: 31097702google scholar: lookup
    28. De La Torre U, Henderson JD, Furtado KL, Pedroja M, Elenamarie O, Mora A, Pechanec MY, Maga EA, Mienaltowski MJ. Utilizing the fecal microbiota to understand foal gut transitions from birth to weaning. PLoS One 2019;14(4):e0216211.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216211pubmed: 31039168google scholar: lookup
    29. Coleman MC, Whitfield-Cargile CM, Madrigal RG, Cohen ND. Comparison of the microbiome, metabolome, and lipidome of obese and non-obese horses. PLoS One 2019;14(4):e0215918.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215918pubmed: 31013335google scholar: lookup
    30. Chen Y, Ni J, Li H. Effect of green tea and mulberry leaf powders on the gut microbiota of chicken. BMC Vet Res 2019 Mar 6;15(1):77.
      doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1822-zpubmed: 30841884google scholar: lookup
    31. Lauková A, Bino E, Kubašová I, Strompfová V, Miltko R, Belzecki G, Pogány Simonová M. Characterisation of Faecal Staphylococci from Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Their Susceptibility to Gallidermin. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020 Mar;12(1):302-310.
      doi: 10.1007/s12602-019-9522-3pubmed: 30710249google scholar: lookup
    32. Bino E, Lauková A, Ščerbová J, Kubašová I, Kandričáková A, Strompfová V, Miltko R, Belzecki G. Fecal coagulase-negative staphylococci from horses, their species variability, and biofilm formation. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019 Nov;64(6):719-726.
      doi: 10.1007/s12223-019-00684-5pubmed: 30706301google scholar: lookup
    33. Mach N, Foury A, Kittelmann S, Reigner F, Moroldo M, Ballester M, Esquerré D, Rivière J, Sallé G, Gérard P, Moisan MP, Lansade L. The Effects of Weaning Methods on Gut Microbiota Composition and Horse Physiology. Front Physiol 2017;8:535.
      doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00535pubmed: 28790932google scholar: lookup
    34. Zhao Y, Li B, Bai D, Huang J, Shiraigo W, Yang L, Zhao Q, Ren X, Wu J, Bao W, Dugarjaviin M. Comparison of Fecal Microbiota of Mongolian and Thoroughbred Horses by High-throughput Sequencing of the V4 Region of the 16S rRNA Gene. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2016 Sep;29(9):1345-52.
      doi: 10.5713/ajas.15.0587pubmed: 26954132google scholar: lookup
    35. Suchodolski JS, Foster ML, Sohail MU, Leutenegger C, Queen EV, Steiner JM, Marks SL. The fecal microbiome in cats with diarrhea. PLoS One 2015;10(5):e0127378.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127378pubmed: 25992741google scholar: lookup
    36. Fernandes KA, Kittelmann S, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Bolwell CF, Bermingham EN, Thomas DG. Faecal microbiota of forage-fed horses in New Zealand and the population dynamics of microbial communities following dietary change. PLoS One 2014;9(11):e112846.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112846pubmed: 25383707google scholar: lookup
    37. Blackmore TM, Dugdale A, Argo CM, Curtis G, Pinloche E, Harris PA, Worgan HJ, Girdwood SE, Dougal K, Newbold CJ, McEwan NR. Strong stability and host specific bacterial community in faeces of ponies. PLoS One 2013;8(9):e75079.
      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075079pubmed: 24040388google scholar: lookup
    38. Schoster A, Arroyo LG, Staempfli HR, Weese JS. Comparison of microbial populations in the small intestine, large intestine and feces of healthy horses using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. BMC Res Notes 2013 Mar 12;6:91.
      doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-91pubmed: 23497580google scholar: lookup
    39. Steelman SM, Chowdhary BP, Dowd S, Suchodolski J, Janečka JE. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes in fecal samples reveals high diversity of hindgut microflora in horses and potential links to chronic laminitis. BMC Vet Res 2012 Nov 27;8:231.
      doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-231pubmed: 23186268google scholar: lookup
    40. Mârza SM, Munteanu C, Papuc I, Radu L, Purdoiu RC. The Role of Probiotics in Enhancing Animal Health: Mechanisms, Benefits, and Applications in Livestock and Companion Animals. Animals (Basel) 2025 Oct 15;15(20).
      doi: 10.3390/ani15202986pubmed: 41153915google scholar: lookup
    41. Li F, Kong X, Khan MZ, Wei L, Wei J, Zhu M, Liu G, Huang B, Wang C, Zhang Z. Gut microbiome regulation in equine animals: current understanding and future perspectives. Front Microbiol 2025;16:1602258.
      doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1602258pubmed: 41070119google scholar: lookup
    42. Boshuizen B, De Maré L, Oosterlinck M, Van Immerseel F, Eeckhaut V, De Meeus C, Devisscher L, Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Willems M, De Oliveira JE, Hosotani G, Gansemans Y, Meese T, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Vanderperren K, Verdegaal EL, Delesalle C. Aleurone supplementation enhances the metabolic benefits of training in Standardbred mares: impacts on glucose-insulin dynamics and gut microbiome composition. Front Physiol 2025;16:1565005.
      doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1565005pubmed: 40276369google scholar: lookup
    43. Loublier C, Costa M, Taminiau B, Lecoq L, Daube G, Amory H, Cesarini C. Longitudinal Changes in Fecal Microbiota During Hospitalization in Horses With Different Types of Colic. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Mar-Apr;39(2):e70039.
      doi: 10.1111/jvim.70039pubmed: 40048584google scholar: lookup
    44. Arantes JA, Di Pietro R, Ratté M, Arroyo LG, Leclère M, Costa MC. Changes in bacterial viability after preparation and storage of fecal microbiota transplantation solution using equine feces. PeerJ 2025;13:e18860.
      doi: 10.7717/peerj.18860pubmed: 39989751google scholar: lookup
    45. François AC, Cesarini C, Taminiau B, Renaud B, Kruse CJ, Boemer F, van Loon G, Palmers K, Daube G, Wouters CP, Lecoq L, Gustin P, Votion DM. Unravelling Faecal Microbiota Variations in Equine Atypical Myopathy: Correlation with Blood Markers and Contribution of Microbiome. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jan 26;15(3).
      doi: 10.3390/ani15030354pubmed: 39943124google scholar: lookup
    46. Bishop RC, Kemper AM, Clark LV, Wilkins PA, McCoy AM. Stability of Gastric Fluid and Fecal Microbial Populations in Healthy Horses under Pasture and Stable Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2024 Oct 16;14(20).
      doi: 10.3390/ani14202979pubmed: 39457909google scholar: lookup
    47. Haywood LMB, Sheahan BJ. A Review of Epithelial Ion Transporters and Their Roles in Equine Infectious Colitis. Vet Sci 2024 Oct 7;11(10).
      doi: 10.3390/vetsci11100480pubmed: 39453072google scholar: lookup
    48. Jacobs RD, Grum D, Trible B, Ayala DI, Karnezos TP, Gordon ME. Oral probiotic administration attenuates postexercise inflammation in horses. Transl Anim Sci 2024;8:txae124.
      doi: 10.1093/tas/txae124pubmed: 39281311google scholar: lookup
    49. Kawaida MY, Maas KR, Moore TE, Reiter AS, Tillquist NM, Reed SA. Effects of astaxanthin on gut microbiota of polo ponies during deconditioning and reconditioning periods. Physiol Rep 2024 Jun;12(11):e16051.
      doi: 10.14814/phy2.16051pubmed: 38811348google scholar: lookup
    50. Raspa F, Chessa S, Bergero D, Sacchi P, Ferrocino I, Cocolin L, Corvaglia MR, Moretti R, Cavallini D, Valle E. Microbiota characterization throughout the digestive tract of horses fed a high-fiber vs. a high-starch diet. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1386135.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1386135pubmed: 38807937google scholar: lookup
    51. Park T, Yoon J, Yun Y, Unno T. Comparison of the fecal microbiota with high- and low performance race horses. J Anim Sci Technol 2024 Mar;66(2):425-437.
      doi: 10.5187/jast.2023.e45pubmed: 38628692google scholar: lookup
    52. Boucher L, Leduc L, Leclère M, Costa MC. Current Understanding of Equine Gut Dysbiosis and Microbiota Manipulation Techniques: Comparison with Current Knowledge in Other Species. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 28;14(5).
      doi: 10.3390/ani14050758pubmed: 38473143google scholar: lookup
    53. Leduc L, Costa M, Leclère M. The Microbiota and Equine Asthma: An Integrative View of the Gut-Lung Axis. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jan 13;14(2).
      doi: 10.3390/ani14020253pubmed: 38254421google scholar: lookup
    54. Pohlin F, Frei C, Meyer LCR, Roch FF, Quijada NM, Conrady B, Neubauer V, Hofmeyr M, Cooper D, Stalder G, Wetzels SU. Capture and transport of white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) cause shifts in their fecal microbiota composition towards dysbiosis. Conserv Physiol 2023;11(1):coad089.
      doi: 10.1093/conphys/coad089pubmed: 38026796google scholar: lookup
    55. Schoster A, Weese JS, Gerber V, Nicole Graubner C. Dysbiosis is not present in horses with fecal water syndrome when compared to controls in spring and autumn. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Jul;34(4):1614-1621.
      doi: 10.1111/jvim.15778pubmed: 32588473google scholar: lookup
    56. Schoster A, Staempfli HR, Guardabassi LG, Jalali M, Weese JS. Comparison of the fecal bacterial microbiota of healthy and diarrheic foals at two and four weeks of life. BMC Vet Res 2017 May 30;13(1):144.
      doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1064-xpubmed: 28558788google scholar: lookup
    57. Schoster A, Weese JS, Guardabassi L. Probiotic use in horses - what is the evidence for their clinical efficacy?. J Vet Intern Med 2014 Nov-Dec;28(6):1640-52.
      doi: 10.1111/jvim.12451pubmed: 25231539google scholar: lookup
    Subscribe to our newsletter
    Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.