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Home / Equine Research Bank / Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist / The first report of macrocyclic lactone resistant cyathostom...
International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance2023; 21; 125-130; doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.03.001

The first report of macrocyclic lactone resistant cyathostomins in the UK.

Abstract: In recent years, resistance to the benzimidazole (BZ) and tetrahydropyrimidine (PYR) anthelmintics in global cyathostomin populations, has led to reliance on the macrocyclic lactone drugs (ML-of which ivermectin and moxidectin are licensed in horses) to control these parasites. Recently, the first confirmed case of resistance to both ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MOX) was reported in the USA in yearlings imported from Ireland. This suggests that ML resistance in cyathostomins has emerged, and raises the possibility that regular movement of horses may result in rapid spread of ML resistant cyathostomins. Resistance may go undetected due to a lack of surveillance for ML efficacy. Here, we report anthelmintic efficacies in cyathostomins infecting UK Thoroughbreds on four studs. Faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were performed to define resistance (resistance = FECR <95% lower credible interval (LCI) < 90%). Stud A yearlings had FECRs of 36.4-78.6% (CI:15.7-86.3) after three IVM treatments, 72.6% (CI: 50.8-85.2) after MOX, and 80.8% (CI: 61.9-90.0) after PYR. Mares on stud A had a FECR of 97.8% (CI: 93.3-99.9) and 98% (95.1-99.4) after IVM and MOX treatment, respectively. Resistance to MLs was not found in yearlings or mares on studs B, C or D with FECR after MOX OR IVM treatment ranging from 99.8 to 99.9% (95.4-100); although yearlings on studs B, C and D all had an egg reappearance period (ERP) of six weeks for MOX and stud C had a four-week ERP for IVM. This study describes the first confirmed case of resistance to both licensed ML drugs on a UK Thoroughbred stud and highlights the urgent need for a) increased awareness of the threat of ML resistant parasites infecting horses, and b) extensive surveillance of ML efficacy against cyathostomin populations in the UK, to gauge the extent of the problem.
Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2023-03-07 PubMed ID: 36940551PubMed Central: PMC10036890DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.03.001Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research reveals the first confirmed case of resistance to macrocyclic lactone drugs in parasites infecting UK thoroughbred horses and emphasises the need for increased awareness of such resistance and more extensive surveillance of drug efficacy.

Background and Aim of Research

  • The study was prompted by increasing evidence of resistance to drugs used to control cyathostomins, a type of parasite that infects horses worldwide.
  • Previously, resistance had been limited to benzimidazole and tetrahydropyrimidine anthelmintics, leading to reliance on macrocyclic lactone drugs. These include ivermectin and moxidectin, which are licensed for use on horses in the UK.
  • However, a recent confirmed case of resistance to both ivermectin and moxidectin in the USA indicated the emergence of macrocyclic lactone resistance.
  • This development prompted fears of a rapid spread of resistant cyathostomins, potentially facilitated by regular movement of horses.
  • The aim of this research was to investigate the presence of drug-resistant cyathostomins in UK Thoroughbreds.

Methodology and Findings

  • The researchers performed Faecal Egg Count Reduction Tests (FECRTs) on Thoroughbreds across four UK studs.
  • Resistance was defined as a FECR of less than 95% with a lower credible interval of less than 90%.
  • Resistance to both ivermectin and moxidectin was found in yearlings on one stud, with a FECR of 36.4 – 78.6% for ivermectin and 72.6% for moxidectin. Resistance to pyrantel (a tetrahydropyrimidine anthelmintic) was also observed.
  • No resistance was observed in mares on the same stud or in yearlings or mares on the other three studs. However, an egg reappearance period of six weeks was identified for moxidectin on these other studs, and for ivermectin on another stud.

Implications and Recommendations

  • The study provides the first confirmed report of resistance to both licensed macrocyclic lactone drugs on a UK Thoroughbred stud.
  • The researchers highlight the urgent need for increased awareness and understanding of the potential for macrocyclic lactone resistant parasites to infect horses.
  • They also emphasise the need for more extensive surveillance of the efficacy of these drugs against cyathostomin populations in the UK, in order to better define the scale of the problem.

Cite This Article

APA
Bull KE, Allen KJ, Hodgkinson JE, Peachey LE. (2023). The first report of macrocyclic lactone resistant cyathostomins in the UK. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist, 21, 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.03.001

Publication

International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance
ISSN: 2211-3207
NlmUniqueID: 101576715
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 21
Pages: 125-130
PII: S2211-3207(23)00009-X

Researcher Affiliations

Bull, K E
  • Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK. Electronic address: katie.bull@bristol.ac.uk.
Allen, K J
  • Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
Hodgkinson, J E
  • Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK.
Peachey, L E
  • Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Female
  • Anthelmintics / pharmacology
  • Anthelmintics / therapeutic use
  • Drug Resistance
  • Feces / parasitology
  • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horses
  • Ivermectin / pharmacology
  • Ivermectin / therapeutic use
  • Lactones
  • Parasite Egg Count / veterinary
  • United Kingdom

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations of competing interest None

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