Abstract: This article provides an overview of the clinically relevant functions and metabolic processes of selenium. Especially equine and bovine neonates are affected by selenium deficiency leading to serious consequences. Severe selenium deficiency may especially result in skeletal and/or heart muscles damage, which can result in serious illness and death of the animal. The typical clinical picture is known under various names and is often referred to as rhabdomyolysis, or more precisely as nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) and in the past usually as white muscle disease. Early recognition of nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) is crucial for prognosis. The typical clinical signs and treatment options are described in this summary. A single selenium injection can raise deficient selenium concentrations in calves and foals preventing serious illness. As Germany is widely regarded as a selenium deficiency area, a single selenium injection can be given to the affected calf or foal in case a selenium deficiency is suspected based on the history and clinical signs, in order to avert serious health consequences due to NMD. The suspicion should be verified by serum selenium analysis so that further appropriate measures are implemented. In calves, a manufacturer-compliant dosage of 5.5 mg sodium selenite and 750 mg vitamin E (all-rac-alpha-tocopherolacetat) did not result in an oversupply of selenium. Particular importance should be granted to the adequate supply of selenium to the dam during pregnancy and is more important than selenium intake via the colostrum. Dieser Artikel dient der Übersicht über die klinisch relevanten Funktionen und Stoffwechselvorgänge von Selen im Organismus. Ein Selenmangel wird mit verschiedenen Erkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht. Dabei sind vor allem equine und bovine Neonaten und Jungtiere von einem klinisch relevanten Selenmangel betroffen. Bei einem ausgeprägten Mangel gehen Teile der Skelett- und/oder Herzmuskulatur zugrunde, was zu schwerwiegenden Erkrankungen und Tod des Tieres führen kann. Das typische Krankheitsbild ist unter verschiedenen Namen bekannt und wird häufig unspezifisch als Rhabdomyolyse, genauer der Ursache entsprechend als selenmangelbedingte Rhabdomyolyse, ernährungsbedingte Myopathie oder nutritive Muskeldystrophie (NMD) und früher i.d.R. als Weißmuskelkrankheit bezeichnet. Die typischen Symptome und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten werden in dieser Zusammenfassung beschrieben.Da Deutschland in weiten Teilen als Selenmangelgebiet gilt, kann eine einmalige Seleninjektion beim Verdacht eines Selenmangels begründet auf der Anamnese und klinischen Symptomen an das betroffene Kalb oder Fohlen erfolgen, um schwerwiegende gesundheitliche Folgen durch eine NMD abzuwenden. Der Verdacht sollte über eine Serumselenanalyse verifiziert werden, um weitere angepasste Maßnahmen ergreifen zu können. Beim Kalb wurde mit einer herstellerkonformen Dosierung von 5,5 mg Natriumselenit und 750 mg Vitamin E (all-rac-alpha-Tocopherolacetat) keine Überversorgung an Selen erreicht. Besondere Bedeutung sollte der adäquaten Selenversorgung des Muttertiers während der Trächtigkeit beigemessen werden und zeigt sich wichtiger als die Selenaufnahme über das Kolostrum.
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Overview
This article reviews the essential roles and metabolic processes of selenium in neonatal foals and calves.
It highlights the consequences of selenium deficiency, particularly the condition known as nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD), and discusses diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies.
Functions and Importance of Selenium
Selenium plays crucial roles in various metabolic processes in the body, contributing to overall health and muscle function.
It is especially important in the development and maintenance of skeletal and heart muscles.
Selenium Deficiency in Neonatal Foals and Calves
Neonatal foals and calves are particularly vulnerable to selenium deficiency.
Severe deficiency can lead to muscle damage affecting skeletal muscles and/or the heart muscle.
Muscle damage due to selenium deficiency leads to serious illness or death if untreated.
Clinical Presentation and Terminology
The typical clinical condition caused by selenium deficiency is often broadly described as rhabdomyolysis.
More specifically, it is called nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) or selenomangelbedingte Rhabdomyolyse in German, also known historically as white muscle disease.
Symptoms typically include muscle weakness and damage; early clinical recognition is essential for a better prognosis.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Early recognition of NMD symptoms allows timely intervention to prevent severe health impacts.
A single selenium injection can rapidly correct selenium deficiency in calves and foals.
In regions like Germany, known for selenium deficiency, administration of a selenium injection upon suspicion (based on clinical signs and history) is recommended even before laboratory confirmation to avoid serious illness.
Serum selenium analysis should be performed to confirm the deficiency and guide further management.
Dosage and Safety
In calves, the recommended dose is 5.5 mg sodium selenite combined with 750 mg vitamin E (all-rac-alpha-tocopherol acetate).
This dosage was found to be safe and did not cause selenium overload.
Preventative Measures and Maternal Nutrition
Adequate selenium supplementation of pregnant dams is critical for ensuring sufficient selenium supply to the offspring.
Selenium intake by the dam during pregnancy is more important than selenium provided through colostrum after birth.
Proper maternal selenium status reduces the risk of deficiency in the neonate and prevents NMD development.
Cite This Article
APA
Stahl LT, Wehrend A.
(2025).
[The importance of selenium for neonatal foals and calves – a literature review].
Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 53(5), 320-326.
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2685-1049