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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2016; 5(3); 57; doi: 10.3390/pathogens5030057

The Influenza NS1 Protein: What Do We Know in Equine Influenza Virus Pathogenesis?

Abstract: Equine influenza virus remains a serious health and potential economic problem throughout most parts of the world, despite intensive vaccination programs in some horse populations. The influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) has multiple functions involved in the regulation of several cellular and viral processes during influenza infection. We review the strategies that NS1 uses to facilitate virus replication and inhibit antiviral responses in the host, including sequestering of double-stranded RNA, direct modulation of protein kinase R activity and inhibition of transcription and translation of host antiviral response genes such as type I interferon. Details are provided regarding what it is known about NS1 in equine influenza, especially concerning C-terminal truncation. Further research is needed to determine the role of NS1 in equine influenza infection, which will help to understand the pathophysiology of complicated cases related to cytokine imbalance and secondary bacterial infection, and to investigate new therapeutic and vaccination strategies.
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Publication Date: 2016-08-31 PubMed ID: 27589809PubMed Central: PMC5039437DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5030057Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Equine influenza virus remains a significant threat despite vaccination efforts, with its non-structural protein 1 (NS1) playing a crucial role in promoting viral replication and suppressing the horse’s antiviral responses. This paper reviews what is known about NS1 particularly the C-terminal truncation and its role in equine influenza. By understanding this better, there is hope to improve treatment and vaccination options.

Understanding Equine Influenza Virus

  • Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a health and potential financial issue of vexing proportions for many sections of society worldwide. The impact persists despite intensive vaccination efforts amongst certain populations of horses.
  • The influenza nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) has an essential role in the EIV pathogenesis, influencing numerous cellular and viral processes during influenza infection in horses. It does this by facilitating virus replication and suppressing the host’s antiviral response, hence its importance.

NS1: Promoting Viral Replication and Inhibiting Host’s Antiviral Defenses

  • NS1 employs a variety of strategies to boost viral replication and neutralize the host’s antiviral defenses. These include sequestering or safeguarding double-stranded RNA, directly altering protein kinase R activity, and inhibiting the transcription and translation of host antiviral response genes, particularly type I interferon.

The Cruciality of NS1 in Equine Influenza

  • The paper provides intricate details about NS1 and its function in EIV, principally focusing on the matter of C-terminal truncation. The understanding about the NS1 protein and its role in the virus’s life cycle is not yet complete.
  • More research is necessary to fathom the finer points of NS1’s role in EIV infection. This will help shed light on the complicated pathophysiology of infection cases with characteristics such as cytokine imbalance and secondary bacterial infections.
  • A thorough understanding of NS1’s role could provide valuable insights into innovative therapeutic and vaccination strategies.

Cite This Article

APA
Barba M, Daly JM. (2016). The Influenza NS1 Protein: What Do We Know in Equine Influenza Virus Pathogenesis? Pathogens, 5(3), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens5030057

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
PII: 57

Researcher Affiliations

Barba, Marta
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. martabrvet@gmail.com.
Daly, Janet M
  • School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK. janet.daly@nottingham.ac.uk.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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