FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Mech Behav Biomed Mater / The interfascicular matrix enables fascicle sliding and reco...
Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials2015; 52; 85-94; doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.04.009

The interfascicular matrix enables fascicle sliding and recovery in tendon, and behaves more elastically in energy storing tendons.

Abstract: While the predominant function of all tendons is to transfer force from muscle to bone and position the limbs, some tendons additionally function as energy stores, reducing the cost of locomotion. Energy storing tendons experience extremely high strains and need to be able to recoil efficiently for maximum energy storage and return. In the equine forelimb, the energy storing superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) has much higher failure strains than the positional common digital extensor tendon (CDET). However, we have previously shown that this is not due to differences in the properties of the SDFT and CDET fascicles (the largest tendon subunits). Instead, there is a greater capacity for interfascicular sliding in the SDFT which facilitates the greater extensions in this particular tendon (Thorpe et al., 2012). In the current study, we exposed fascicles and interfascicular matrix (IFM) from the SDFT and CDET to cyclic loading followed by a test to failure. The results show that IFM mechanical behaviour is not a result of irreversible deformation, but the IFM is able to withstand cyclic loading, and is more elastic in the SDFT than in the CDET. We also assessed the effect of ageing on IFM properties, demonstrating that the IFM is less able to resist repetitive loading as it ages, becoming stiffer with increasing age in the SDFT. These results provide further indications that the IFM is important for efficient function in energy storing tendons, and age-related alterations to the IFM may compromise function and predispose older tendons to injury.
Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2015-04-16 PubMed ID: 25958330PubMed Central: PMC4655227DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.04.009Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research looks into how energy storing tendons work more efficiently due to their elasticity and ability to recover from extreme strains, attributed to an element called the interfascicular matrix (IFM). It also notes how ageing affects the function of the IFM, making it stiffer and therefore making older tendons more prone to injury.

Investigation of Tendon Functions

The researchers first acknowledged the primary function of all tendons, which is to transfer the force between muscles and bones, positioning the limbs appropriately. They then discussed a special function found in some tendons, where they also work as energy stores, reducing the energy cost during locomotion. These types of tendons, called energy-storing tendons, can withstand highly extreme strains and recoil efficiently for maximum energy storage and return.

  • The researchers compared the energy storing superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and the positional common digital extensor tendon (CDET) in a horse’s forelimb.
  • Notably, the SDFT has higher failure strains than CDET. However, the difference does not lie in the properties of the fascicles- the largest tendon subunits of these tendons.
  • Rather, the reason for SDFT’s higher resilience is ascribed to the greater capacity for interfascicular sliding enabled by the interfascicular matrix (IFM), which assists the extended extensions in this particular tendon.

Focus on Interfascicular Matrix (IFM)

The researchers then focused on the IFM, subjecting it and fascicles from the SDFT and CDET to cyclical loading followed by a failure test.

  • The results showed that the more elastic behavior of the IFM in the SDFT was not due to irreversible deformation.
  • Rather, the IFM has the ability to withstand cyclic loading. In other words, it can endure repeated strain without breaking.
  • Additionally, the IFM was found to be more resilient or elastic in the SDFT than in the CDET.

Impact of Ageing on IFM and Tendons

The researchers also studied the impact of ageing on IFM properties, which can affect tendon resilience.

  • Findings showed that as IFM ages, its ability to resist repetitive loading diminishes, which consequently causes it to become stiffer.
  • This increased stiffness with age was particularly noted in the SDFT.
  • Thus, the study concluded that ageing alters the IFM properties, which can compromise its function, making older tendons susceptible to injuries.

Cite This Article

APA
Thorpe CT, Godinho MSC, Riley GP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HRC. (2015). The interfascicular matrix enables fascicle sliding and recovery in tendon, and behaves more elastically in energy storing tendons. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 52, 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.04.009

Publication

Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials
ISSN: 1878-0180
NlmUniqueID: 101322406
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 52
Pages: 85-94
PII: S1751-6161(15)00129-0

Researcher Affiliations

Thorpe, Chavaunne T
  • Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS UK. Electronic address: c.thorpe@qmul.ac.uk.
Godinho, Marta S C
  • Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS UK.
Riley, Graham P
  • School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
Birch, Helen L
  • Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK.
Clegg, Peter D
  • Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
Screen, Hazel R C
  • Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Aging
  • Animals
  • Elasticity
  • Energy Metabolism
  • Forelimb
  • Horses
  • Materials Testing
  • Tendons / metabolism

Grant Funding

  • MR/K006312/1 / Medical Research Council
  • BB/K008412 / Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

References

This article includes 40 references
  1. Alexander RM. Energy-saving mechanisms in walking and running.. J Exp Biol 1991 Oct;160:55-69.
    pubmed: 1960518doi: 10.1242/jeb.160.1.55google scholar: lookup
  2. Batson EL, Paramour RJ, Smith TJ, Birch HL, Patterson-Kane JC, Goodship AE. Are the material properties and matrix composition of equine flexor and extensor tendons determined by their functions?. Equine Vet J 2003 May;35(3):314-8.
    pubmed: 12755437doi: 10.2746/042516403776148327google scholar: lookup
  3. Biewener AA. Muscle-tendon stresses and elastic energy storage during locomotion in the horse.. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998 May;120(1):73-87.
    pubmed: 9787779doi: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)00024-8google scholar: lookup
  4. Birch HL, Worboys S, Eissa S, Jackson B, Strassburg S, Clegg PD. Matrix metabolism rate differs in functionally distinct tendons.. Matrix Biol 2008 Apr;27(3):182-9.
    pubmed: 18032005doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.10.004google scholar: lookup
  5. Cheng VWT, Screen HRC. The micro-structural strain response of tendon.. J. Mater. Sci. 2007;42:8957–8965.
  6. Funakoshi T, Schmid T, Hsu HP, Spector M. Lubricin distribution in the goat infraspinatus tendon: a basis for interfascicular lubrication.. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008 Apr;90(4):803-14.
    pubmed: 18381319doi: 10.2106/jbjs.g.00627google scholar: lookup
  7. Grant TM, Thompson MS, Urban J, Yu J. Elastic fibres are broadly distributed in tendon and highly localized around tenocytes.. J Anat 2013 Jun;222(6):573-9.
    pmc: PMC3666236pubmed: 23587025doi: 10.1111/joa.12048google scholar: lookup
  8. Haraldsson BT, Aagaard P, Qvortrup K, Bojsen-Moller J, Krogsgaard M, Koskinen S, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Lateral force transmission between human tendon fascicles.. Matrix Biol 2008 Mar;27(2):86-95.
    pubmed: 17931846doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.09.001google scholar: lookup
  9. Hess GW. Achilles tendon rupture: a review of etiology, population, anatomy, risk factors, and injury prevention.. Foot Ankle Spec 2010 Feb;3(1):29-32.
    pubmed: 20400437doi: 10.1177/1938640009355191google scholar: lookup
  10. Huang H, Zhang J, Sun K, Zhang X, Tian S. Effects of repetitive multiple freeze-thaw cycles on the biomechanical properties of human flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor pollicis longus tendons.. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2011 May;26(4):419-23.
    pubmed: 21216510doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.12.006google scholar: lookup
  11. Innes JF, Clegg P. Comparative rheumatology: what can be learnt from naturally occurring musculoskeletal disorders in domestic animals?. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010 Jun;49(6):1030-9.
    pubmed: 20176567doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep465google scholar: lookup
  12. Kasashima Y, Takahashi T, Smith RK, Goodship AE, Kuwano A, Ueno T, Hirano S. Prevalence of superficial digital flexor tendonitis and suspensory desmitis in Japanese Thoroughbred flat racehorses in 1999.. Equine Vet J 2004 May;36(4):346-50.
    pubmed: 15163043doi: 10.2746/0425164044890580google scholar: lookup
  13. Ker RF, Wang XT, Pike AV. Fatigue quality of mammalian tendons.. J Exp Biol 2000 Apr;203(Pt 8):1317-27.
    pubmed: 10729280doi: 10.1242/jeb.203.8.1317google scholar: lookup
  14. Knobloch K, Yoon U, Vogt PM. Acute and overuse injuries correlated to hours of training in master running athletes.. Foot Ankle Int 2008 Jul;29(7):671-6.
    pubmed: 18785416doi: 10.3113/fai.2008.0671google scholar: lookup
  15. Lichtwark GA, Wilson AM. In vivo mechanical properties of the human Achilles tendon during one-legged hopping.. J Exp Biol 2005 Dec;208(Pt 24):4715-25.
    pubmed: 16326953doi: 10.1242/jeb.01950google scholar: lookup
  16. Lui PP, Maffulli N, Rolf C, Smith RK. What are the validated animal models for tendinopathy?. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 Feb;21(1):3-17.
    pubmed: 20673247doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01164.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  17. Maganaris CN, Paul JP. In vivo human tendon mechanical properties.. J Physiol 1999 Nov 15;521 Pt 1(Pt 1):307-13.
    pmc: PMC2269645pubmed: 10562354doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.00307.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  18. Peffers MJ, Thorpe CT, Collins JA, Eong R, Wei TK, Screen HR, Clegg PD. Proteomic analysis reveals age-related changes in tendon matrix composition, with age- and injury-specific matrix fragmentation.. J Biol Chem 2014 Sep 12;289(37):25867-78.
    pmc: PMC4162187pubmed: 25077967doi: 10.1074/jbc.m114.566554google scholar: lookup
  19. Perkins NR, Reid SW, Morris RS. Risk factors for injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon and suspensory apparatus in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand.. N Z Vet J 2005 Jun;53(3):184-92.
    pubmed: 16012588doi: 10.1080/00480169.2005.36503google scholar: lookup
  20. Purslow PP. The shear modulus of connections between tendon fascicles.. Proceedngs of the Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH) 2009 IEEE Toronto International Conferenceed, pp. 134–136.
  21. Reddy GK. Cross-linking in collagen by nonenzymatic glycation increases the matrix stiffness in rabbit achilles tendon.. Exp Diabesity Res 2004 Apr-Jun;5(2):143-53.
    pmc: PMC2496877pubmed: 15203885doi: 10.1080/15438600490277860google scholar: lookup
  22. Ritty TM, Roth R, Heuser JE. Tendon cell array isolation reveals a previously unknown fibrillin-2-containing macromolecular assembly.. Structure 2003 Sep;11(9):1179-88.
    pubmed: 12962636doi: 10.1016/s0969-2126(03)00181-3google scholar: lookup
  23. Screen HRC, Seto J, Krauss S, Boesecke P, Gupta HS. Extrafibrillar diffusion and intrafibrillar swelling at the nanoscale are associated with stress relaxation in the soft collagenous matrix tissue of tendons.. Soft Matter 2011;7:11243–11251.
  24. Screen HR, Toorani S, Shelton JC. Microstructural stress relaxation mechanics in functionally different tendons.. Med Eng Phys 2013 Jan;35(1):96-102.
    pubmed: 22652381doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2012.04.004google scholar: lookup
  25. Shepherd JH, Legerlotz K, Demirci T, Klemt C, Riley GP, Screen HR. Functionally distinct tendon fascicles exhibit different creep and stress relaxation behaviour.. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2014 Jan;228(1):49-59.
    pmc: PMC4361498pubmed: 24285289doi: 10.1177/0954411913509977google scholar: lookup
  26. Smith KD, Vaughan-Thomas A, Spiller DG, Innes JF, Clegg PD, Comerford EJ. The organisation of elastin and fibrillins 1 and 2 in the cruciate ligament complex.. J Anat 2011 Jun;218(6):600-7.
    pmc: PMC3125893pubmed: 21466551doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01374.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  27. Södersten F, Hultenby K, Heinegård D, Johnston C, Ekman S. Immunolocalization of collagens (I and III) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in the normal and injured equine superficial digital flexor tendon.. Connect Tissue Res 2013;54(1):62-9.
    pmc: PMC3545546pubmed: 23020676doi: 10.3109/03008207.2012.734879google scholar: lookup
  28. Stephens PR, Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM. Application of a Hall-effect transducer for measurement of tendon strains in horses.. Am J Vet Res 1989 Jul;50(7):1089-95.
    pubmed: 2774333
  29. Szczesny SE, Elliott DM. Interfibrillar shear stress is the loading mechanism of collagen fibrils in tendon.. Acta Biomater 2014 Jun;10(6):2582-90.
    pmc: PMC4034159pubmed: 24530560doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.01.032google scholar: lookup
  30. Thorpe CT, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HR. The role of the non-collagenous matrix in tendon function.. Int J Exp Pathol 2013 Aug;94(4):248-59.
    pmc: PMC3721456pubmed: 23718692doi: 10.1111/iep.12027google scholar: lookup
  31. Thorpe CT, Chaudhry S, Lei II, Varone A, Riley GP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HR. Tendon overload results in alterations in cell shape and increased markers of inflammation and matrix degradation.. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015 Aug;25(4):e381-91.
    doi: 10.1111/sms.12333pubmed: 25639911google scholar: lookup
  32. Thorpe CT, Klemt C, Riley GP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HR. Helical sub-structures in energy-storing tendons provide a possible mechanism for efficient energy storage and return.. Acta Biomater 2013 Aug;9(8):7948-56.
    pubmed: 23669621doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.05.004google scholar: lookup
  33. Thorpe CT, Riley GP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HR. Fascicles from energy-storing tendons show an age-specific response to cyclic fatigue loading.. J R Soc Interface 2014 Mar 6;11(92):20131058.
    pmc: PMC3899876pubmed: 24402919doi: 10.1098/rsif.2013.1058google scholar: lookup
  34. Thorpe CT, Riley GP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HR. Effect of fatigue loading on structure and functional behaviour of fascicles from energy-storing tendons.. Acta Biomater 2014 Jul;10(7):3217-24.
    pubmed: 24747261doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.04.008google scholar: lookup
  35. Thorpe CT, Spiesz EM, Chaudhry S, Screen HR, Clegg PD. Science in brief: recent advances into understanding tendon function and injury risk.. Equine Vet J 2015 Mar;47(2):137-40.
    pubmed: 25644766doi: 10.1111/evj.12346google scholar: lookup
  36. Thorpe CT, Streeter I, Pinchbeck GL, Goodship AE, Clegg PD, Birch HL. Aspartic acid racemization and collagen degradation markers reveal an accumulation of damage in tendon collagen that is enhanced with aging.. J Biol Chem 2010 May 21;285(21):15674-81.
    pmc: PMC2871433pubmed: 20308077doi: 10.1074/jbc.m109.077503google scholar: lookup
  37. Thorpe CT, Udeze CP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HR. Specialization of tendon mechanical properties results from interfascicular differences.. J R Soc Interface 2012 Nov 7;9(76):3108-17.
    pmc: PMC3479922pubmed: 22764132doi: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0362google scholar: lookup
  38. Thorpe CT, Udeze CP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HR. Capacity for sliding between tendon fascicles decreases with ageing in injury prone equine tendons: a possible mechanism for age-related tendinopathy?. Eur Cell Mater 2013 Jan 8;25:48-60.
    pubmed: 23300032doi: 10.22203/ecm.v025a04google scholar: lookup
  39. Vereecke EE, Channon AJ. The role of hind limb tendons in gibbon locomotion: springs or strings?. J Exp Biol 2013 Nov 1;216(Pt 21):3971-80.
    pubmed: 23868842doi: 10.1242/jeb.083527google scholar: lookup
  40. Wang XT, Ker RF, Alexander RM. Fatigue rupture of wallaby tail tendons.. J Exp Biol 1995 Mar;198(Pt 3):847-52.
    pubmed: 9244805doi: 10.1242/jeb.198.3.847google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 45 times.
  1. Waugh CM, Mousavizadeh R, Lee J, Screen HRC, Scott A. Mild hypercholesterolemia impacts achilles sub-tendon mechanical properties in young rats.. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023 Apr 12;24(1):282.
    doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06375-0pubmed: 37046262google scholar: lookup
  2. Marr N, Zamboulis DE, Werling D, Felder AA, Dudhia J, Pitsillides AA, Thorpe CT. The tendon interfascicular basement membrane provides a vascular niche for CD146+ cell subpopulations.. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022;10:1094124.
    doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1094124pubmed: 36699014google scholar: lookup
  3. Kayser F, Bori E, Fourny S, Hontoir F, Clegg P, Dugdale A, Vandeweerd JM, Innocenti B. Ex vivo study correlating the stiffness of the ovine patellar tendon to age and weight.. Int Biomech 2022 Dec;9(1):1-9.
    doi: 10.1080/23335432.2022.2108899pubmed: 35929916google scholar: lookup
  4. Funaro A, Shim V, Crouzier M, Mylle I, Vanwanseele B. Subject-Specific 3D Models to Investigate the Influence of Rehabilitation Exercises and the Twisted Structure on Achilles Tendon Strains.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022;10:914137.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.914137pubmed: 35875495google scholar: lookup
  5. Wu SY, Kim W, Kremen TJ Jr. In Vitro Cellular Strain Models of Tendon Biology and Tenogenic Differentiation.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022;10:826748.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.826748pubmed: 35242750google scholar: lookup
  6. Siadat SM, Zamboulis DE, Thorpe CT, Ruberti JW, Connizzo BK. Tendon Extracellular Matrix Assembly, Maintenance and Dysregulation Throughout Life.. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021;1348:45-103.
    doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_3pubmed: 34807415google scholar: lookup
  7. Eisner LE, Rosario R, Andarawis-Puri N, Arruda EM. The Role of the Non-Collagenous Extracellular Matrix in Tendon and Ligament Mechanical Behavior: A Review.. J Biomech Eng 2022 May 1;144(5).
    doi: 10.1115/1.4053086pubmed: 34802057google scholar: lookup
  8. Marr N, Meeson R, Kelly EF, Fang Y, Peffers MJ, Pitsillides AA, Dudhia J, Thorpe CT. CD146 Delineates an Interfascicular Cell Sub-Population in Tendon That Is Recruited during Injury through Its Ligand Laminin-α4.. Int J Mol Sci 2021 Sep 8;22(18).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms22189729pubmed: 34575887google scholar: lookup
  9. Lehr NL, Clark WH, Lewek MD, Franz JR. The effects of triceps surae muscle stimulation on localized Achilles subtendon tissue displacements.. J Exp Biol 2021 Aug 1;224(15).
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.242135pubmed: 34350951google scholar: lookup
  10. Patel D, Zamboulis DE, Spiesz EM, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Thorpe CT, Screen HRC. Structure-function specialisation of the interfascicular matrix in the human achilles tendon.. Acta Biomater 2021 Sep 1;131:381-390.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.019pubmed: 34271169google scholar: lookup
  11. Maas H, Arndt T, Franz JR. Editorial: Tendon Structure-Function Relationship in Health, Ageing, and Injury.. Front Sports Act Living 2021;3:701815.
    doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.701815pubmed: 34222862google scholar: lookup
  12. Wagner FC, Reese S, Gerlach K, Böttcher P, Mülling CKW. Cyclic tensile tests of Shetland pony superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFTs) with an optimized cryo-clamp combined with biplanar high-speed fluoroscopy.. BMC Vet Res 2021 Jun 25;17(1):223.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02914-wpubmed: 34172051google scholar: lookup
  13. Knaus KR, Blemker SS. 3D Models Reveal the Influence of Achilles Subtendon Twist on Strain and Energy Storage.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021;9:539135.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.539135pubmed: 33614608google scholar: lookup
  14. Gatz M, Schweda S, Betsch M, Dirrichs T, de la Fuente M, Reinhardt N, Quack V. Line- and Point-Focused Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Achilles Tendinopathy: A Placebo-Controlled RCT Study.. Sports Health 2021 Sep-Oct;13(5):511-518.
    doi: 10.1177/1941738121991791pubmed: 33586526google scholar: lookup
  15. Godinho MS, Thorpe CT, Greenwald SE, Screen HRC. Elastase treatment of tendon specifically impacts the mechanical properties of the interfascicular matrix.. Acta Biomater 2021 Mar 15;123:187-196.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.030pubmed: 33508509google scholar: lookup
  16. Ristaniemi A, Regmi D, Mondal D, Torniainen J, Tanska P, Stenroth L, Finnilä MAJ, Töyräs J, Korhonen RK. Structure, composition and fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic properties of bovine knee ligaments and patellar tendon.. J R Soc Interface 2021 Jan;18(174):20200737.
    doi: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0737pubmed: 33499766google scholar: lookup
  17. Millar NL, Silbernagel KG, Thorborg K, Kirwan PD, Galatz LM, Abrams GD, Murrell GAC, McInnes IB, Rodeo SA. Tendinopathy.. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021 Jan 7;7(1):1.
    doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-00234-1pubmed: 33414454google scholar: lookup
  18. Handsfield GG, Greiner J, Madl J, Rog-Zielinska EA, Hollville E, Vanwanseele B, Shim V. Achilles Subtendon Structure and Behavior as Evidenced From Tendon Imaging and Computational Modeling.. Front Sports Act Living 2020;2:70.
    doi: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00070pubmed: 33345061google scholar: lookup
  19. Zamboulis DE, Thorpe CT, Ashraf Kharaz Y, Birch HL, Screen HR, Clegg PD. Postnatal mechanical loading drives adaptation of tissues primarily through modulation of the non-collagenous matrix.. Elife 2020 Oct 16;9.
    doi: 10.7554/eLife.58075pubmed: 33063662google scholar: lookup
  20. Gains CC, Correia JC, Baan GC, Noort W, Screen HRC, Maas H. Force Transmission Between the Gastrocnemius and Soleus Sub-Tendons of the Achilles Tendon in Rat.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020;8:700.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00700pubmed: 32766214google scholar: lookup
  21. Choi H, Simpson D, Wang D, Prescott M, Pitsillides AA, Dudhia J, Clegg PD, Ping P, Thorpe CT. Heterogeneity of proteome dynamics between connective tissue phases of adult tendon.. Elife 2020 May 12;9.
    doi: 10.7554/eLife.55262pubmed: 32393437google scholar: lookup
  22. Hill JR, Eekhoff JD, Brophy RH, Lake SP. Elastic fibers in orthopedics: Form and function in tendons and ligaments, clinical implications, and future directions.. J Orthop Res 2020 Nov;38(11):2305-2317.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.24695pubmed: 32293749google scholar: lookup
  23. Rosario MV, Roberts TJ. Loading Rate Has Little Influence on Tendon Fascicle Mechanics.. Front Physiol 2020;11:255.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00255pubmed: 32265742google scholar: lookup
  24. Muench JR, Thelen DG, Henak CR. Interfibrillar shear behavior is altered in aging tendon fascicles.. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020 Jun;19(3):841-849.
    doi: 10.1007/s10237-019-01251-0pubmed: 31707625google scholar: lookup
  25. Lawson A, Noorkoiv M, Masci L, Mohagheghi AA. Ankle Joint Position and the Reliability of Ultrasound Tissue Characterization of the Achilles Tendon: A Pilot Study.. Med Sci Monit 2019 Sep 13;25:6884-6893.
    doi: 10.12659/MSM.915685pubmed: 31516131google scholar: lookup
  26. Javidi M, McGowan CP, Schiele NR, Lin DC. Tendons from kangaroo rats are exceptionally strong and tough.. Sci Rep 2019 Jun 3;9(1):8196.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44671-9pubmed: 31160640google scholar: lookup
  27. Nichols AEC, Best KT, Loiselle AE. The cellular basis of fibrotic tendon healing: challenges and opportunities.. Transl Res 2019 Jul;209:156-168.
    doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.02.002pubmed: 30776336google scholar: lookup
  28. Lee AH, Elliott DM. Comparative multi-scale hierarchical structure of the tail, plantaris, and Achilles tendons in the rat.. J Anat 2019 Feb;234(2):252-262.
    doi: 10.1111/joa.12913pubmed: 30484871google scholar: lookup
  29. Slane LC, Dandois F, Bogaerts S, Vandenneucker H, Scheys L. Non-uniformity in the healthy patellar tendon is greater in males and similar in different age groups.. J Biomech 2018 Oct 26;80:16-22.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.08.021pubmed: 30224164google scholar: lookup
  30. Rowson DT, Shelton JC, Screen HRC, Knight MM. Mechanical loading induces primary cilia disassembly in tendon cells via TGFβ and HDAC6.. Sci Rep 2018 Jul 23;8(1):11107.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29502-7pubmed: 30038235google scholar: lookup
  31. Patel D, Sharma S, Screen HRC, Bryant SJ. Effects of cell adhesion motif, fiber stiffness, and cyclic strain on tenocyte gene expression in a tendon mimetic fiber composite hydrogel.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018 May 15;499(3):642-647.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.203pubmed: 29601813google scholar: lookup
  32. Kharaz YA, Canty-Laird EG, Tew SR, Comerford EJ. Variations in internal structure, composition and protein distribution between intra- and extra-articular knee ligaments and tendons.. J Anat 2018 Jun;232(6):943-955.
    doi: 10.1111/joa.12802pubmed: 29498035google scholar: lookup
  33. Spiesz EM, Thorpe CT, Thurner PJ, Screen HRC. Structure and collagen crimp patterns of functionally distinct equine tendons, revealed by quantitative polarised light microscopy (qPLM).. Acta Biomater 2018 Apr 1;70:281-292.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.034pubmed: 29409868google scholar: lookup
  34. Eekhoff JD, Fang F, Kahan LG, Espinosa G, Cocciolone AJ, Wagenseil JE, Mecham RP, Lake SP. Functionally Distinct Tendons From Elastin Haploinsufficient Mice Exhibit Mild Stiffening and Tendon-Specific Structural Alteration.. J Biomech Eng 2017 Nov 1;139(11):1110031-9.
    doi: 10.1115/1.4037932pubmed: 28916838google scholar: lookup
  35. Godinho MSC, Thorpe CT, Greenwald SE, Screen HRC. Elastin is Localised to the Interfascicular Matrix of Energy Storing Tendons and Becomes Increasingly Disorganised With Ageing.. Sci Rep 2017 Aug 30;7(1):9713.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09995-4pubmed: 28855560google scholar: lookup
  36. Bogaerts S, De Brito Carvalho C, Scheys L, Desloovere K, D'hooge J, Maes F, Suetens P, Peers K. Evaluation of tissue displacement and regional strain in the Achilles tendon using quantitative high-frequency ultrasound.. PLoS One 2017;12(7):e0181364.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181364pubmed: 28727745google scholar: lookup
  37. Goh KL, Holmes DF. Collagenous Extracellular Matrix Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering: Lessons from the Common Sea Urchin Tissue.. Int J Mol Sci 2017 Apr 25;18(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms18050901pubmed: 28441344google scholar: lookup
  38. Thorpe CT, Riley GP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HRC. Fascicles and the interfascicular matrix show decreased fatigue life with ageing in energy storing tendons.. Acta Biomater 2017 Jul 1;56:58-64.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.024pubmed: 28323176google scholar: lookup
  39. Connizzo BK, Grodzinsky AJ. Tendon exhibits complex poroelastic behavior at the nanoscale as revealed by high-frequency AFM-based rheology.. J Biomech 2017 Mar 21;54:11-18.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.01.029pubmed: 28233551google scholar: lookup
  40. Handsfield GG, Inouye JM, Slane LC, Thelen DG, Miller GW, Blemker SS. A 3D model of the Achilles tendon to determine the mechanisms underlying nonuniform tendon displacements.. J Biomech 2017 Jan 25;51:17-25.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.062pubmed: 27919416google scholar: lookup
  41. Walden G, Liao X, Donell S, Raxworthy MJ, Riley GP, Saeed A. A Clinical, Biological, and Biomaterials Perspective into Tendon Injuries and Regeneration.. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2017 Feb;23(1):44-58.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2016.0181pubmed: 27596929google scholar: lookup
  42. Thorpe CT, Riley GP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HRC. Fascicles and the interfascicular matrix show adaptation for fatigue resistance in energy storing tendons.. Acta Biomater 2016 Sep 15;42:308-315.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.06.012pubmed: 27286677google scholar: lookup
  43. Thorpe CT, Karunaseelan KJ, Ng Chieng Hin J, Riley GP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HR. Distribution of proteins within different compartments of tendon varies according to tendon type.. J Anat 2016 Sep;229(3):450-8.
    doi: 10.1111/joa.12485pubmed: 27113131google scholar: lookup
  44. Rowson D, Knight MM, Screen HR. Zonal variation in primary cilia elongation correlates with localized biomechanical degradation in stress deprived tendon.. J Orthop Res 2016 Dec;34(12):2146-2153.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.23229pubmed: 26969839google scholar: lookup
  45. Thorpe CT, Peffers MJ, Simpson D, Halliwell E, Screen HR, Clegg PD. Anatomical heterogeneity of tendon: Fascicular and interfascicular tendon compartments have distinct proteomic composition.. Sci Rep 2016 Feb 4;6:20455.
    doi: 10.1038/srep20455pubmed: 26842662google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.