FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary parasitology2009; 167(2-4); 108-122; doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.013

The natural history of Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

Abstract: Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the recently designated name replacing three species of granulocytic bacteria, Ehrlichia phagocytophila, Ehrlichia equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, after the recent reorganization of the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales. Tick-borne fever (TBF), which is caused by the prototype of A. phagocytophilum, was first described in 1932 in Scotland. A similar disease caused by a related granulocytic agent was first described in horses in the USA in 1969; this was followed by the description of two distinct granulocytic agents causing similar diseases in dogs in the USA in 1971 and 1982. Until the discovery of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) in the USA in 1994, these organisms were thought to be distinct species of bacteria infecting specific domestic animals and free-living reservoirs. It is now widely accepted that the agents affecting different animal hosts are variants of the same Gram-negative obligatory intracellular bacterium, which is transmitted by hard ticks belonging to the Ixodes persulcatus complex. One of its fascinating features is that it infects and actively grows in neutrophils by employing an array of mechanisms to subvert their bactericidal activity. It is also able to survive within an apparently immune host by employing a complex mechanism of antigenic variation. Ruminants with TBF and humans with HGA develop severe febrile reaction, bacteraemia and leukopenia due to neutropenia, lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia within a week of exposure to a tick bite. Because of the severe haematological disorders lasting for several days and other adverse effects on the host's immune functions, infected animals and humans are more susceptible to other infections.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2009-09-20 PubMed ID: 19811878DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.013Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article provides comprehensive information about Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a bacterium transmitted by ticks that can cause severe febrile reactions, haematological disorders, and increased susceptibility to other infections in humans and animals.

Overview of Anaplasma phagocytophilum

  • Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a type of bacteria that infects specific domestic animals and free-living reservoirs.
  • It was formerly known as Ehrlichia phagocytophila, Ehrlichia equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The new name was given after the reorganization of the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales.
  • It is transmitted by hard ticks belonging to the Ixodes persulcatus complex.

Diseases Caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum

  • A disease caused by this bacterium, known as Tick-borne fever (TBF), was first described in 1932 in Scotland.
  • A similar disease was described in horses in the USA in 1969, followed by two separate granulocytic agents causing diseases in dogs in 1971 and 1982 in the USA.
  • Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) was first discovered in 1994 in the USA.

Notable Features and Effects of Anaplasma phagocytophilum

  • This Gram-negative, obligatory intracellular bacterium infects and grows actively in neutrophils, using various mechanisms to subvert their bactericidal activity.
  • The bacterium is capable of surviving within an immune host by employing a complex mechanism of antigenic variation.
  • Infected ruminants and humans develop severe febrile reactions, bacteraemia, and leukopenia due to neutropenia, lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia within a week of a tick bite.
  • Severe haematological disorders and other adverse effects on the host’s immune functions can occur and can last for several days, making infected animals and humans more susceptible to other infections.

Cite This Article

APA
Woldehiwet Z. (2009). The natural history of Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Vet Parasitol, 167(2-4), 108-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.013

Publication

Veterinary parasitology
ISSN: 1873-2550
NlmUniqueID: 7602745
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 167
Issue: 2-4
Pages: 108-122

Researcher Affiliations

Woldehiwet, Zerai
  • University of Liverpool, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE, UK. zerai@liverpool.ac.uk

MeSH Terms

  • Anaplasma phagocytophilum / physiology
  • Animals
  • Disease Outbreaks
  • Disease Reservoirs
  • Ehrlichiosis / epidemiology
  • Ehrlichiosis / immunology
  • Ehrlichiosis / microbiology
  • Humans
  • Rodentia

Citations

This article has been cited 140 times.
  1. Lindhorst ZTL, Frangl MT, Eigner B, Shahi Barogh B, Duscher GG, Schliephake A, Gaede W, Fuehrer HP, Heddergott M. Molecular analysis of vector-borne pathogens in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Saxony-Anhalt (Germany). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2025 Dec;28:101162.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2025.101162pubmed: 41362584google scholar: lookup
  2. Sayed MA, Abdel-Ghaffar AB, El Baky SMMA, AbuBakr HO, Moselhy SS, Abdel-Hameed R. Significance of molecular and zymography profiling for accurate detection of infected sheep with Anaplasma marginale in South Sinai, Egypt. Sci Rep 2025 Oct 7;15(1):35006.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-19665-5pubmed: 41057694google scholar: lookup
  3. Kim H, Jo M, Choi Y, Lee H, Youn S, Yoo MS, Lee HS, Kim JM, Nazim K, Yun EH, Seo MG, Park SJ, Rhee MH, Lee SH, Shin S, Kwak D. Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Anaplasma spp. in Ticks Collected from Grasslands near Livestock Farms in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces, Republic of Korea. Microorganisms 2025 Aug 28;13(9).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13092008pubmed: 41011340google scholar: lookup
  4. Dreghiciu IC, Hoffman D, Imre M, Oprescu I, Dumitru S, Florea T, Morariu S, Iorgoni V, Plesko A, Orghici G, Ilie MS. Review of Molecular Tools Used in Diagnosis of Babesia spp. and Anaplasma spp. Infection in Wild Boar and Their Ticks-20 Years Retrospective Review. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jul 27;15(15).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15152211pubmed: 40805001google scholar: lookup
  5. Ibarrondo-Mendiola P, Vázquez P, Alkorta M, Zugazaga C, García-Pérez AL, Barandika JF, Cevidanes A. Tick Species Identification and Zoonotic Bacteria Detection from Healthcare-Extracted Specimens from Humans in the Basque Country, Northern Iberian Peninsula. Pathogens 2025 Jun 4;14(6).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens14060561pubmed: 40559569google scholar: lookup
  6. Beugnet F, Madder M, Joubert A, Bouzaidi Cheikhi I, Chajia M, Besselaar JF, Tan DY. Assessment of the speed of transmission of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto by infected ticks through an in vitro experimental model. Parasit Vectors 2025 May 20;18(1):182.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-025-06798-9pubmed: 40394702google scholar: lookup
  7. Zhou J, Li Z, Zhou Z, Ma Y, Hu J, Dan X, Zhao H. Epidemiological and Molecular Characteristics of Piroplasmids and Anaplasma spp. in Tan Sheep, Ningxia, Northwest China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024;2024:2529855.
    doi: 10.1155/2024/2529855pubmed: 40303067google scholar: lookup
  8. Yan Y, Wang Y, Cui Y, Wang J, Fan S, Ning C. Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Related Strains in Cattle from Henan, China. Vet Sci 2025 Mar 6;12(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12030252pubmed: 40266961google scholar: lookup
  9. Troskie M, Matthee S, Penzhorn BL, Jansen R, Oosthuizen M. Occurrence of tick-borne haemoparasites in South African rodent species evidence of Babesia microti-like sequence variants in two Rhabdomys species. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2025 Apr;26:101051.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2025.101051pubmed: 40123643google scholar: lookup
  10. Min P, Song J, Zhao S, Ma Z, Meng Y, Tang Z, Wang Z, Lin S, Zhao F, Liu M, Wang L, Jia L. Tick species, tick-borne pathogen distribution and risk factor analysis in border areas of China, Russia and North Korea. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1529253.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1529253pubmed: 40007747google scholar: lookup
  11. Abdoli A, Olfatifar M, Zaki L, Nikkhahi F, Fardsanei F, Sobhani S, Sadeghi H, Eslahi AV, Badri M. Global Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Cattle: A One Health Perspective, Meta-Analysis and Future Predictions (up to 2035). Vet Med Sci 2025 Mar;11(2):e70251.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.70251pubmed: 39969156google scholar: lookup
  12. Zając V, Bell-Sakyi L, Wójcik-Fatla A. Use of Tick Cell Lines in Co-Infection Studies with a Preliminary Study of Co-Culture of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Pathogens 2025 Jan 15;14(1).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens14010078pubmed: 39861039google scholar: lookup
  13. Chiarlone SA, Garcia-Vozmediano A, Ebani VV, Pussini N, Dellepiane M, Guardone L, Razzuoli E. Canine Vector-Borne Diseases (CVBDs) in Liguria, North-West Italy: A Retrospective Study over an 11-Year Period (2013-2023). Animals (Basel) 2024 Dec 7;14(23).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14233539pubmed: 39682504google scholar: lookup
  14. Wechtaisong W, Sri-In C, Thongmeesee K, Riana E, Bui TTH, Bartholomay LC, Tiawsirisup S. Diversity of questing ticks and prevalence of tick-associated pathogens in Khao Kheow-Khao Chomphu Wildlife Sanctuary, Chon Buri, Thailand. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2024;6:100220.
    doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100220pubmed: 39524488google scholar: lookup
  15. Adamu A, Reyer F, Lawal N, Hassan AJ, Imam MU, Bello MB, Kraiczy P. Aetiologies of bacterial tick-borne febrile illnesses in humans in Africa: diagnostic limitations and the need for improvement. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024;11:1419575.
    doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1419575pubmed: 39351006google scholar: lookup
  16. de Albuquerque CV, da Silva Andrade M, de Freitas MS, Paulino PG, Santos HA, de Tarso Landgraf Botteon P. Significance of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia caballi, and Theileria equi as etiologic agents in horses with clinical manifestations from the metropolitan area of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024 Sep 21;56(8):268.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-024-04134-4pubmed: 39305438google scholar: lookup
  17. Djiman TA, Biguezoton AS, Saegerman C. Tick-Borne Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Pathogens, Research Focus, and Implications for Public Health. Pathogens 2024 Aug 17;13(8).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens13080697pubmed: 39204297google scholar: lookup
  18. Altay K, Erol U, Sahin OF, Ulucesme MC, Aytmirzakizi A, Aktas M. Survey of tick-borne pathogens in grazing horses in Kyrgyzstan: phylogenetic analysis, genetic diversity, and prevalence of Theileria equi. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1359974.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1359974pubmed: 38746933google scholar: lookup
  19. Chikufenji B, Mohanta UK, Hayashida K, Chatanga E, Galon EM, Kamanga N, Ringo AE, Ma Z, Xuan X. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of tick-borne pathogens in cattle from southern Malawi. Vet Res Commun 2024 Aug;48(4):2753-2760.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-024-10395-zpubmed: 38676858google scholar: lookup
  20. Pustijanac E, Buršić M, Millotti G, Paliaga P, Iveša N, Cvek M. Tick-Borne Bacterial Diseases in Europe: Threats to public health. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024 Jul;43(7):1261-1295.
    doi: 10.1007/s10096-024-04836-5pubmed: 38676855google scholar: lookup
  21. Wilhelmsson P, Lager M, Jaenson TGT, Waldenström J, Olsen B, Lindgren PE. Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ticks Blood-Feeding on Migratory Birds in Sweden. Microorganisms 2024 Apr 3;12(4).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12040735pubmed: 38674679google scholar: lookup
  22. Habib J, Zenner L, Garel M, Mercier A, Poirel MT, Itty C, Appolinaire J, Amblard T, Benedetti P, Sanchis F, Benabed S, Abi Rizk G, Gibert P, Bourgoin G. Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from the wild mountain ungulates mouflon and chamois in 4 regions of France. Parasite 2024;31:21.
    doi: 10.1051/parasite/2024011pubmed: 38602373google scholar: lookup
  23. Altay K, Erol U, Sahin OF. Anaplasma capra: a new emerging tick-borne zoonotic pathogen. Vet Res Commun 2024 Jun;48(3):1329-1340.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-024-10337-9pubmed: 38424380google scholar: lookup
  24. Myczka AW, Steiner-Bogdaszewska Ż, Oloś G, Bajer A, Laskowski Z. Diversity of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Strains from Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Poland. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 16;14(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14040637pubmed: 38396605google scholar: lookup
  25. Ceylan O, Ma Z, Ceylan C, Culha MH, Galon EM, Ji S, Li H, Zafar I, Mohanta UK, Xuan X, Sevinc F. Wide bovine tick-borne pathogen spectrum: Predominancy of Theileria annulata and the first molecular detection of Ehrlichia minasensis in Turkey. Vet Res Commun 2024 Apr;48(2):1037-1059.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-023-10266-zpubmed: 38072901google scholar: lookup
  26. Diarra AZ, Kelly P, Davoust B, Parola P. Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans and Animals in West Africa. Pathogens 2023 Oct 24;12(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12111276pubmed: 38003741google scholar: lookup
  27. Lesiczka PM, Myśliwy I, Buńkowska-Gawlik K, Modrý D, Hrazdilová K, Hildebrand J, Perec-Matysiak A. Circulation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum among invasive and native carnivore species living in sympatry in Poland. Parasit Vectors 2023 Oct 18;16(1):368.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05996-7pubmed: 37853498google scholar: lookup
  28. Wechtaisong W, Sri-In C, Thongmeesee K, Yurayart N, Akarapas C, Rittisornthanoo G, Bunphungbaramee N, Sipraya N, Bartholomay LC, Maikaew U, Kongmakee P, Saedan A, Tiawsirisup S. Diversity of Anaplasma and novel Bartonella species in Lipoptena fortisetosa collected from captive Eld's deer in Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1247552.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1247552pubmed: 37781280google scholar: lookup
  29. Apaa TT, McFadzean H, Gandy S, Hansford K, Medlock J, Johnson N. Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ecotype Analysis in Cattle from Great Britain. Pathogens 2023 Aug 10;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12081029pubmed: 37623989google scholar: lookup
  30. England SJ, Lihou K, Robert D. Static electricity passively attracts ticks onto hosts. Curr Biol 2023 Jul 24;33(14):3041-3047.e4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.021pubmed: 37392744google scholar: lookup
  31. Kolo A. Anaplasma Species in Africa-A Century of Discovery: A Review on Molecular Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity, and Control. Pathogens 2023 May 12;12(5).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12050702pubmed: 37242372google scholar: lookup
  32. Seo MG, Lee H, Alkathiri B, Ahn K, Lee SH, Shin S, Bae S, Kim KT, Jang M, Lee SK, Cho YS, Eo KY, Kwon OD, Kwak D. Tick Populations and Molecular Analysis of Anaplasma Species in Ticks from the Republic of Korea. Microorganisms 2023 Mar 23;11(4).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11040820pubmed: 37110242google scholar: lookup
  33. Ravindran R, Hembram PK, Kumar GS, Kumar KGA, Deepa CK, Varghese A. Transovarial transmission of pathogenic protozoa and rickettsial organisms in ticks. Parasitol Res 2023 Mar;122(3):691-704.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-023-07792-9pubmed: 36797442google scholar: lookup
  34. Hoffman T, Olsen B, Lundkvist Å. The Biological and Ecological Features of Northbound Migratory Birds, Ticks, and Tick-Borne Microorganisms in the African-Western Palearctic. Microorganisms 2023 Jan 7;11(1).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11010158pubmed: 36677450google scholar: lookup
  35. de la Fuente J, Moraga-Fernández A, Alberdi P, Díaz-Sánchez S, García-Álvarez O, Fernández-Melgar R, Contreras M. A Quantum Vaccinomics Approach for the Design and Production of MSP4 Chimeric Antigen for the Control of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 Nov 24;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines10121995pubmed: 36560405google scholar: lookup
  36. Perles L, Herrera HM, Barreto WTG, de Macedo GC, Calchi AC, Machado RZ, André MR. Multi-Locus Sequencing Reveals Putative Novel Anaplasmataceae Agents, 'Candidatus Ehrlichia dumleri' and Anaplasma sp., in Ring-Tailed Coatis (Carnivora: Nasua nasua) from Urban Forested Fragments at Midwestern Brazil. Microorganisms 2022 Nov 30;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10122379pubmed: 36557631google scholar: lookup
  37. Galon EM, Ybañez RH, Macalanda AM, Estabillo GR, Montano MTR, Veedor MD, Garvida A, Fabon RJ, Callanta MR, Labutong KJ, Tumwebaze MA, Byamukama B, Ji S, Zafar I, Ybañez A, Xuan X. First Molecular Identification of Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma in Goats from the Philippines. Pathogens 2022 Sep 27;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11101109pubmed: 36297166google scholar: lookup
  38. Socarras KM, Haslund-Gourley BS, Cramer NA, Comunale MA, Marconi RT, Ehrlich GD. Large-Scale Sequencing of Borreliaceae for the Construction of Pan-Genomic-Based Diagnostics. Genes (Basel) 2022 Sep 8;13(9).
    doi: 10.3390/genes13091604pubmed: 36140772google scholar: lookup
  39. Urbanová V, Kalinová E, Kopáček P, Šíma R. Experimental Infection of Mice and Ticks with the Human Isolate of Anaplasma phagocytophilum NY-18. Pathogens 2022 Jul 21;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11070820pubmed: 35890063google scholar: lookup
  40. Yang X, Fu M, Yu Z, Wang J, Song J, Zhao G. Molecular Characterization of Anaplasma spp. among Dairy, Cashmere, and Meat Goats in Shaanxi Province, Northwestern China. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jun 17;12(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12121566pubmed: 35739902google scholar: lookup
  41. Wijburg SR, Fonville M, de Bruin A, van Rijn PA, Montizaan MGE, van den Broek J, Sprong H, Rijks JM. Prevalence and predictors of vector-borne pathogens in Dutch roe deer. Parasit Vectors 2022 Mar 5;15(1):76.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05195-wpubmed: 35248157google scholar: lookup
  42. Athanasiou LV, Tsokana CN, Katsogiannou EG, Boutsini S, Katsoulos PD. Evaluation of an Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay for the Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Antigen in Ovine Buffy Coat Smears. Microorganisms 2022 Jan 25;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10020276pubmed: 35208729google scholar: lookup
  43. Atif FA, Mehnaz S, Qamar MF, Roheen T, Sajid MS, Ehtisham-Ul-Haque S, Kashif M, Ben Said M. Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control of Canine Infectious Cyclic Thrombocytopenia and Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: Emerging Diseases of Veterinary and Public Health Significance. Vet Sci 2021 Dec 8;8(12).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8120312pubmed: 34941839google scholar: lookup
  44. Beasley EA, Pessôa-Pereira D, Scorza BM, Petersen CA. Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis. Animals (Basel) 2021 Nov 10;11(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11113206pubmed: 34827938google scholar: lookup
  45. Ashraf S, Parveen A, Asif M, Alanazi AD, Alouffi A, Muhammad Awais M, Khan A, Aktas M, Ozubek S, Iqbal F. First report regarding molecular epidemiology and novel variant identification of Anaplasma centrale in cattle from Pakistan. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021 Nov;28(11):6488-6494.
    doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.026pubmed: 34764763google scholar: lookup
  46. Galon EM, Macalanda AM, Garcia MM, Ibasco CJ, Garvida A, Ji S, Zafar I, Hasegawa Y, Liu M, Ybañez RH, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Ybañez A, Claveria F, Xuan X. Molecular Identification of Selected Tick-Borne Protozoan and Bacterial Pathogens in Thoroughbred Racehorses in Cavite, Philippines. Pathogens 2021 Oct 13;10(10).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10101318pubmed: 34684266google scholar: lookup
  47. Bauer BU, Răileanu C, Tauchmann O, Fischer S, Ambros C, Silaghi C, Ganter M. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma ovis-Emerging Pathogens in the German Sheep Population. Pathogens 2021 Oct 9;10(10).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10101298pubmed: 34684247google scholar: lookup
  48. Yan Y, Cui Y, Zhao S, Jing J, Shi K, Jian F, Zhang L, Wang R, Wang K, Zhou Y, Ning C. Development of a duplex PCR assay for detecting Theileria luwenshuni and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep and goats. Exp Appl Acarol 2021 Dec;85(2-4):319-330.
    doi: 10.1007/s10493-021-00662-ypubmed: 34591210google scholar: lookup
  49. Myczka AW, Steiner-Bogdaszewska Ż, Filip-Hutsch K, Oloś G, Czopowicz M, Laskowski Z. Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Wild and Farmed Cervids in Poland. Pathogens 2021 Sep 14;10(9).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10091190pubmed: 34578222google scholar: lookup
  50. El Hamiani Khatat S, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Elhachimi L, Kachani M, Sahibi H. Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Features of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection in Dogs: A Systematic Review. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:686644.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.686644pubmed: 34250067google scholar: lookup
  51. Salata C, Moutailler S, Attoui H, Zweygarth E, Decker L, Bell-Sakyi L. How relevant are in vitro culture models for study of tick-pathogen interactions?. Pathog Glob Health 2021 Oct-Dec;115(7-8):437-455.
    doi: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1944539pubmed: 34190676google scholar: lookup
  52. Johnson N, Golding M, Phipps LP. Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), United Kingdom. Pathogens 2021 May 23;10(6).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10060640pubmed: 34070977google scholar: lookup
  53. Luu L, Palomar AM, Farrington G, Schilling AK, Premchand-Branker S, McGarry J, Makepeace BL, Meredith A, Bell-Sakyi L. Bacterial Pathogens and Symbionts Harboured by Ixodes ricinus Ticks Parasitising Red Squirrels in the United Kingdom. Pathogens 2021 Apr 11;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10040458pubmed: 33920445google scholar: lookup
  54. Aktaş M, Özübek S, Uluçeşme MC. Molecular Detection and Phylogeny of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Related Variants in Small Ruminants from Turkey. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 14;11(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11030814pubmed: 33799376google scholar: lookup
  55. Levin ML, Stanley HM, Hartzer K, Snellgrove AN. Incompetence of the Asian Longhorned Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) in Transmitting the Agent of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in the United States. J Med Entomol 2021 May 15;58(3):1419-1423.
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjab015pubmed: 33590859google scholar: lookup
  56. Miranda EA, Han SW, Cho YK, Choi KS, Chae JS. Co-Infection with Anaplasma Species and Novel Genetic Variants Detected in Cattle and Goats in the Republic of Korea. Pathogens 2021 Jan 1;10(1).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10010028pubmed: 33401478google scholar: lookup
  57. Kolo AO, Collins NE, Brayton KA, Chaisi M, Blumberg L, Frean J, Gall CA, M Wentzel J, Wills-Berriman S, Boni L, Weyer J, Rossouw J, Oosthuizen MC. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Other Anaplasma spp. in Various Hosts in the Mnisi Community, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Microorganisms 2020 Nov 18;8(11).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8111812pubmed: 33217891google scholar: lookup
  58. Hornok S, Mühldorfer K, Takács N, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML, Gyuranecz M, Unnsteinsdóttir ER, Greenwood AD, Czirják GÁ. Broad Range Screening of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Arctic Foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in Iceland. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 4;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10112031pubmed: 33158098google scholar: lookup
  59. Díaz-Sánchez AA, Corona-González B, Meli ML, Roblejo-Arias L, Fonseca-Rodríguez O, Pérez Castillo A, Vega Cañizares E, Lobo Rivero E, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Molecular Diagnosis, Prevalence and Importance of Zoonotic Vector-Borne Pathogens in Cuban Shelter Dogs-A Preliminary Study. Pathogens 2020 Oct 28;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9110901pubmed: 33126690google scholar: lookup
  60. Tumwebaze MA, Byamukama B, Tayebwa DS, Byaruhanga J, Angwe MK, Galon EM, Liu M, Lee SH, Ringo AE, Adjou Moumouni PF, Li J, Li Y, Ji S, Vudriko P, Xuan X. First Molecular Detection of Babesia ovis, Theileria spp., Anaplasma spp., and Ehrlichia ruminantium in Goats from Western Uganda. Pathogens 2020 Oct 27;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9110895pubmed: 33121172google scholar: lookup
  61. Crosby FL, Munderloh UG, Nelson CM, Herron MJ, Lundgren AM, Xiao YP, Allred DR, Barbet AF. Disruption of VirB6 Paralogs in Anaplasma phagocytophilum Attenuates Its Growth. J Bacteriol 2020 Nov 4;202(23).
    doi: 10.1128/JB.00301-20pubmed: 32928930google scholar: lookup
  62. Almazán C, Fourniol L, Rakotobe S, Šimo L, Bornères J, Cote M, Peltier S, Maye J, Versillé N, Richardson J, Bonnet SI. Failed Disruption of Tick Feeding, Viability, and Molting after Immunization of Mice and Sheep with Recombinant Ixodes ricinus Salivary Proteins IrSPI and IrLip1. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Aug 26;8(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030475pubmed: 32858821google scholar: lookup
  63. Lihou K, Rose Vineer H, Wall R. Distribution and prevalence of ticks and tick-borne disease on sheep and cattle farms in Great Britain. Parasit Vectors 2020 Aug 10;13(1):406.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04287-9pubmed: 32778148google scholar: lookup
  64. Fuchs B, Sørheim KM, Chincarini M, Brunberg E, Stubsjøen SM, Bratbergsengen K, Hvasshovd SO, Zimmermann B, Lande US, Grøva L. Heart rate sensor validation and seasonal and diurnal variation of body temperature and heart rate in domestic sheep. Vet Anim Sci 2019 Dec;8:100075.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100075pubmed: 32734092google scholar: lookup
  65. Fingerhut L, Dolz G, de Buhr N. What Is the Evolutionary Fingerprint in Neutrophil Granulocytes?. Int J Mol Sci 2020 Jun 25;21(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms21124523pubmed: 32630520google scholar: lookup
  66. Langenwalder DB, Schmidt S, Silaghi C, Skuballa J, Pantchev N, Matei IA, Mihalca AD, Gilli U, Zajkowska J, Ganter M, Hoffman T, Salaneck E, Petrovec M, von Loewenich FD. The absence of the drhm gene is not a marker for human-pathogenicity in European Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains. Parasit Vectors 2020 May 7;13(1):238.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04116-zpubmed: 32381072google scholar: lookup
  67. Hoffman T, Wilhelmsson P, Barboutis C, Fransson T, Jaenson TGT, Lindgren PE, Von Loewenich FD, Lundkvist Å, Olsen B, Salaneck E. A divergent Anaplasma phagocytophilum variant in an Ixodes tick from a migratory bird; Mediterranean basin. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2020;10(1):1729653.
    doi: 10.1080/20008686.2020.1729653pubmed: 32284823google scholar: lookup
  68. Langenwalder DB, Silaghi C, Nieder M, Pfeffer M, von Loewenich FD. Co-infection, reinfection and superinfection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains in a cattle herd based on ankA gene and multilocus sequence typing. Parasit Vectors 2020 Mar 30;13(1):157.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04032-2pubmed: 32228658google scholar: lookup
  69. Almazán C, Fourniol L, Rouxel C, Alberdi P, Gandoin C, Lagrée AC, Boulouis HJ, de la Fuente J, Bonnet SI. Experimental Ixodes ricinus-Sheep Cycle of Anaplasma phagocytophilum NV2Os Propagated in Tick Cell Cultures. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:40.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00040pubmed: 32118063google scholar: lookup
  70. Folly AJ, Dorey-Robinson D, Hernández-Triana LM, Phipps LP, Johnson N. Emerging Threats to Animals in the United Kingdom by Arthropod-Borne Diseases. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:20.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00020pubmed: 32118054google scholar: lookup
  71. Sánchez Romano J, Grund L, Obiegala A, Nymo IH, Ancin-Murguzur FJ, Li H, Król N, Pfeffer M, Tryland M. A Multi-Pathogen Screening of Captive Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Germany Based on Serological and Molecular Assays. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:461.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00461pubmed: 31921918google scholar: lookup
  72. Matei IA, Estrada-Peña A, Cutler SJ, Vayssier-Taussat M, Varela-Castro L, Potkonjak A, Zeller H, Mihalca AD. A review on the eco-epidemiology and clinical management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis and its agent in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2019 Dec 21;12(1):599.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3852-6pubmed: 31864403google scholar: lookup
  73. Hamšíková Z, Silaghi C, Takumi K, Rudolf I, Gunár K, Sprong H, Kazimírová M. Presence of Roe Deer Affects the Occurrence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ecotypes in Questing Ixodes ricinus in Different Habitat Types of Central Europe. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019 Nov 27;16(23).
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph16234725pubmed: 31783486google scholar: lookup
  74. Szewczyk T, Werszko J, Myczka AW, Laskowski Z, Karbowiak G. Molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild carnivores in north-eastern Poland. Parasit Vectors 2019 Oct 7;12(1):465.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3734-ypubmed: 31590678google scholar: lookup
  75. Hamidinejat H, Bahrami S, Mosalanejad B, Pahlavan S. First Molecular Survey on Anaplasma phagocytophilum Revealed High Prevalence in Rural Dogs from Khuzestan Province, Iran. Iran J Parasitol 2019 Apr-Jun;14(2):297-302.
    pubmed: 31543918
  76. Rego ROM, Trentelman JJA, Anguita J, Nijhof AM, Sprong H, Klempa B, Hajdusek O, Tomás-Cortázar J, Azagi T, Strnad M, Knorr S, Sima R, Jalovecka M, Fumačová Havlíková S, Ličková M, Sláviková M, Kopacek P, Grubhoffer L, Hovius JW. Counterattacking the tick bite: towards a rational design of anti-tick vaccines targeting pathogen transmission. Parasit Vectors 2019 May 14;12(1):229.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3468-xpubmed: 31088506google scholar: lookup
  77. Akl T, Bourgoin G, Souq ML, Appolinaire J, Poirel MT, Gibert P, Abi Rizk G, Garel M, Zenner L. Detection of tick-borne pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus in the French Pyrenees and first identification of Rickettsia monacensis in France. Parasite 2019;26:20.
    doi: 10.1051/parasite/2019019pubmed: 30943150google scholar: lookup
  78. Razanske I, Rosef O, Radzijevskaja J, Bratchikov M, Griciuviene L, Paulauskas A. Prevalence and co-infection with tick-borne Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Southern Norway. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019 Apr;8:127-134.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.01.003pubmed: 30766793google scholar: lookup
  79. Vaculová T, Derdáková M, Špitalská E, Václav R, Chvostáč M, Rusňáková Tarageľová V. Simultaneous Occurrence of Borrelia miyamotoi, Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia helvetica in Ixodes ricinus Ticks in Urban Foci in Bratislava, Slovakia. Acta Parasitol 2019 Mar;64(1):19-30.
    doi: 10.2478/s11686-018-00004-wpubmed: 30671773google scholar: lookup
  80. André MR. Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:293.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00293pubmed: 30533417google scholar: lookup
  81. Kazimírová M, Hamšíková Z, Špitalská E, Minichová L, Mahríková L, Caban R, Sprong H, Fonville M, Schnittger L, Kocianová E. Diverse tick-borne microorganisms identified in free-living ungulates in Slovakia. Parasit Vectors 2018 Sep 3;11(1):495.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3068-1pubmed: 30176908google scholar: lookup
  82. Kuo CC, Huang JL, Chien CH, Shih HC, Wang HC. First molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the hard tick Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides in Taiwan. Exp Appl Acarol 2018 Aug;75(4):437-443.
    doi: 10.1007/s10493-018-0283-6pubmed: 30116923google scholar: lookup
  83. Mysterud A, Stigum VM, Seland IV, Herland A, Easterday WR, Jore S, Østerås O, Viljugrein H. Tick abundance, pathogen prevalence, and disease incidence in two contrasting regions at the northern distribution range of Europe. Parasit Vectors 2018 May 22;11(1):309.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2890-9pubmed: 29788994google scholar: lookup
  84. Shabana II, Alhadlag NM, Zaraket H. Diagnostic tools of caprine and ovine anaplasmosis: a direct comparative study. BMC Vet Res 2018 May 22;14(1):165.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1489-xpubmed: 29788965google scholar: lookup
  85. Vasić A, Nieder M, Zdravković N, Bojkovski J, Bugarski D, Pavlović I, Silaghi C. Tick infestation and occurrence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and piroplasms in cattle in the Republic of Serbia. Parasitol Res 2018 Jun;117(6):1813-1818.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-018-5867-xpubmed: 29679202google scholar: lookup
  86. Teshale S, Geysen D, Ameni G, Dorny P, Berkvens D. Survey of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma sp. 'Omatjenne' infection in cattle in Africa with special reference to Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2018 Mar 9;11(1):162.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2633-ypubmed: 29523210google scholar: lookup
  87. Lagrée AC, Rouxel C, Kevin M, Dugat T, Girault G, Durand B, Pfeffer M, Silaghi C, Nieder M, Boulouis HJ, Haddad N. Co-circulation of different A. phagocytophilum variants within cattle herds and possible reservoir role for cattle. Parasit Vectors 2018 Mar 9;11(1):163.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2661-7pubmed: 29523202google scholar: lookup
  88. Cangussu ASR, Mariúba LAM, Lalwani P, Pereira KDES, Astolphi-Filho S, Orlandi PP, Epiphanio S, Viana KF, Ribeiro MFB, Silva HM, Marinho CRF, Nogueira PA. A hybrid protein containing MSP1a repeats and Omp7, Omp8 and Omp9 epitopes protect immunized BALB/c mice against anaplasmosis. Vet Res 2018 Jan 19;49(1):6.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0503-4pubmed: 29351812google scholar: lookup
  89. Silaghi C, Nieder M, Sauter-Louis C, Knubben-Schweizer G, Pfister K, Pfeffer M. Epidemiology, genetic variants and clinical course of natural infections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a dairy cattle herd. Parasit Vectors 2018 Jan 8;11(1):20.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2570-1pubmed: 29310697google scholar: lookup
  90. Mysterud A, Jore S, Østerås O, Viljugrein H. Emergence of tick-borne diseases at northern latitudes in Europe: a comparative approach. Sci Rep 2017 Nov 24;7(1):16316.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15742-6pubmed: 29176601google scholar: lookup
  91. Alberdi P, Espinosa PJ, Cabezas-Cruz A, de la Fuente J. Anaplasma phagocytophilum Manipulates Host Cell Apoptosis by Different Mechanisms to Establish Infection. Vet Sci 2016 Jul 15;3(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci3030015pubmed: 29056724google scholar: lookup
  92. Sae-Lim P, Grøva L, Olesen I, Varona L. A comparison of nonlinear mixed models and response to selection of tick-infestation on lambs. PLoS One 2017;12(3):e0172711.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172711pubmed: 28257433google scholar: lookup
  93. Abraham NM, Liu L, Jutras BL, Yadav AK, Narasimhan S, Gopalakrishnan V, Ansari JM, Jefferson KK, Cava F, Jacobs-Wagner C, Fikrig E. Pathogen-mediated manipulation of arthropod microbiota to promote infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017 Jan 31;114(5):E781-E790.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1613422114pubmed: 28096373google scholar: lookup
  94. Ybañez AP, Inokuma H. Anaplasma species of veterinary importance in Japan. Vet World 2016 Nov;9(11):1190-1196.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1190-1196pubmed: 27956767google scholar: lookup
  95. Yang J, Liu Z, Niu Q, Liu J, Han R, Liu G, Shi Y, Luo J, Yin H. Molecular survey and characterization of a novel Anaplasma species closely related to Anaplasma capra in ticks, northwestern China. Parasit Vectors 2016 Nov 25;9(1):603.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1886-6pubmed: 27884197google scholar: lookup
  96. Machado RZ, Teixeira MM, Rodrigues AC, André MR, Gonçalves LR, Barbosa da Silva J, Pereira CL. Molecular diagnosis and genetic diversity of tick-borne Anaplasmataceae agents infecting the African buffalo Syncerus caffer from Marromeu Reserve in Mozambique. Parasit Vectors 2016 Aug 17;9:454.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1715-ypubmed: 27531003google scholar: lookup
  97. Król N, Obiegala A, Pfeffer M, Lonc E, Kiewra D. Detection of selected pathogens in ticks collected from cats and dogs in the Wrocław Agglomeration, South-West Poland. Parasit Vectors 2016 Jun 21;9(1):351.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1632-0pubmed: 27329450google scholar: lookup
  98. Yang J, Liu Z, Niu Q, Tian Z, Liu J, Guan G, Liu G, Luo J, Wang X, Yin H. Tick-borne zoonotic pathogens in birds in Guangxi, Southwest China. Parasit Vectors 2015 Dec 15;8:637.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-1249-8pubmed: 26666827google scholar: lookup
  99. Mysterud A, Qviller L, Meisingset EL, Viljugrein H. Parasite load and seasonal migration in red deer. Oecologia 2016 Feb;180(2):401-7.
    doi: 10.1007/s00442-015-3465-5pubmed: 26450650google scholar: lookup
  100. Ben Said M, Belkahia H, Alberti A, Zobba R, Bousrih M, Yahiaoui M, Daaloul-Jedidi M, Mamlouk A, Gharbi M, Messadi L. Molecular Survey of Anaplasma Species in Small Ruminants Reveals the Presence of Novel Strains Closely Related to A. phagocytophilum in Tunisia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015 Oct;15(10):580-90.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1796pubmed: 26394065google scholar: lookup
  101. Atif FA. Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum: Rickettsiales pathogens of veterinary and public health significance. Parasitol Res 2015 Nov;114(11):3941-57.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4698-2pubmed: 26346451google scholar: lookup
  102. Dugat T, Lagrée AC, Maillard R, Boulouis HJ, Haddad N. Opening the black box of Anaplasma phagocytophilum diversity: current situation and future perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015;5:61.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00061pubmed: 26322277google scholar: lookup
  103. Pantchev N, Pluta S, Huisinga E, Nather S, Scheufelen M, Vrhovec MG, Schweinitz A, Hampel H, Straubinger RK. Tick-borne Diseases (Borreliosis, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis) in German and Austrian Dogs: Status quo and Review of Distribution, Transmission, Clinical Findings, Diagnostics and Prophylaxis. Parasitol Res 2015 Aug;114 Suppl 1:S19-54.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4513-0pubmed: 26152408google scholar: lookup
  104. Svitálková Z, Haruštiaková D, Mahríková L, Berthová L, Slovák M, Kocianová E, Kazimírová M. Anaplasma phagocytophilum prevalence in ticks and rodents in an urban and natural habitat in South-Western Slovakia. Parasit Vectors 2015 May 17;8:276.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0880-8pubmed: 25980768google scholar: lookup
  105. Savidge C, Ewing P, Andrews J, Aucoin D, Lappin MR, Moroff S. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of domestic cats: 16 cases from the northeastern USA. J Feline Med Surg 2016 Feb;18(2):85-91.
    doi: 10.1177/1098612X15571148pubmed: 25680735google scholar: lookup
  106. Wang J, Dyachenko V, Munderloh UG, Straubinger RK. Transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from endothelial cells to peripheral granulocytes in vitro under shear flow conditions. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015 Oct;204(5):593-603.
    doi: 10.1007/s00430-015-0387-0pubmed: 25618174google scholar: lookup
  107. Chastagner A, Dugat T, Vourc'h G, Verheyden H, Legrand L, Bachy V, Chabanne L, Joncour G, Maillard R, Boulouis HJ, Haddad N, Bailly X, Leblond A. Multilocus sequence analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum reveals three distinct lineages with different host ranges in clinically ill French cattle. Vet Res 2014 Dec 9;45:114.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-014-0114-7pubmed: 25487348google scholar: lookup
  108. Obiegala A, Pfeffer M, Pfister K, Tiedemann T, Thiel C, Balling A, Karnath C, Woll D, Silaghi C. Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum: prevalences and investigations on a new transmission path in small mammals and ixodid ticks. Parasit Vectors 2014 Dec 4;7:563.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-014-0563-xpubmed: 25465390google scholar: lookup
  109. Tveten AK. Prevalence and Diversity among Anaplasma phagocytophilum Strains Originating from Ixodes ricinus Ticks from Northwest Norway. J Pathog 2014;2014:824897.
    doi: 10.1155/2014/824897pubmed: 25215241google scholar: lookup
  110. Dondi F, Russo S, Agnoli C, Mengoli N, Balboni A, Alberti A, Battilani M. Clinicopathological and molecular findings in a case of canine Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in Northern Italy. ScientificWorldJournal 2014;2014:810587.
    doi: 10.1155/2014/810587pubmed: 25003154google scholar: lookup
  111. Hagedorn P, Imhoff M, Fischer C, Domingo C, Niedrig M. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis acquired in Scotland, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2014 Jun;20(6):1079-81.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2006.131849pubmed: 24857681google scholar: lookup
  112. Huhn C, Winter C, Wolfsperger T, Wüppenhorst N, Strašek Smrdel K, Skuballa J, Pfäffle M, Petney T, Silaghi C, Dyachenko V, Pantchev N, Straubinger RK, Schaarschmidt-Kiener D, Ganter M, Aardema ML, von Loewenich FD. Analysis of the population structure of Anaplasma phagocytophilum using multilocus sequence typing. PLoS One 2014;9(4):e93725.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093725pubmed: 24699849google scholar: lookup
  113. Nahayo A, Bardiau M, Volpe R, Pirson J, Paternostre J, Fett T, Linden A. Molecular evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Belgium. BMC Vet Res 2014 Apr 2;10:80.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-80pubmed: 24694049google scholar: lookup
  114. Turner AK, Beldomenico PM, Bown K, Burthe SJ, Jackson JA, Lambin X, Begon M. Host-parasite biology in the real world: the field voles of Kielder. Parasitology 2014 Jul;141(8):997-1017.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182014000171pubmed: 24612619google scholar: lookup
  115. Jore S, Vanwambeke SO, Viljugrein H, Isaksen K, Kristoffersen AB, Woldehiwet Z, Johansen B, Brun E, Brun-Hansen H, Westermann S, Larsen IL, Ytrehus B, Hofshagen M. Climate and environmental change drives Ixodes ricinus geographical expansion at the northern range margin. Parasit Vectors 2014 Jan 8;7:11.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-11pubmed: 24401487google scholar: lookup
  116. Melničáková J, Derdáková M, Barák I. A system to simultaneously detect tick-borne pathogens based on the variability of the 16S ribosomal genes. Parasit Vectors 2013 Sep 18;6:269.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-269pubmed: 24330462google scholar: lookup
  117. Majazki J, Wüppenhorst N, Hartelt K, Birtles R, von Loewenich FD. Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from voles and shrews exhibit specific ankA gene sequences. BMC Vet Res 2013 Nov 28;9:235.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-235pubmed: 24283328google scholar: lookup
  118. Vieira RF, Vieira TS, Nascimento Ddo A, Martins TF, Krawczak FS, Labruna MB, Chandrashekar R, Marcondes M, Biondo AW, Vidotto O. Serological survey of Ehrlichia species in dogs, horses and humans: zoonotic scenery in a rural settlement from southern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2013 Sep-Oct;55(5):335-40.
    doi: 10.1590/S0036-46652013000500007pubmed: 24037288google scholar: lookup
  119. Malmsten J, Widén DG, Rydevik G, Yon L, Hutchings MR, Thulin CG, Söderquist L, Aspan A, Stuen S, Dalin AM. Temporal and spatial variation in Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in Swedish moose (Alces alces). Epidemiol Infect 2014 Jun;142(6):1205-13.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268813002094pubmed: 24001524google scholar: lookup
  120. Pangrácová L, Derdáková M, Pekárik L, Hviščová I, Víchová B, Stanko M, Hlavatá H, Peťko B. Ixodes ricinus abundance and its infection with the tick-borne pathogens in urban and suburban areas of Eastern Slovakia. Parasit Vectors 2013 Aug 16;6(1):238.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-238pubmed: 23952975google scholar: lookup
  121. Stuen S, Granquist EG, Silaghi C. Anaplasma phagocytophilum--a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013;3:31.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00031pubmed: 23885337google scholar: lookup
  122. Hajdušek O, Síma R, Ayllón N, Jalovecká M, Perner J, de la Fuente J, Kopáček P. Interaction of the tick immune system with transmitted pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013;3:26.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00026pubmed: 23875177google scholar: lookup
  123. Henniger T, Henniger P, Grossmann T, Distl O, Ganter M, von Loewenich FD. Congenital infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a calf in northern Germany. Acta Vet Scand 2013 May 1;55(1):38.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-38pubmed: 23634938google scholar: lookup
  124. Ribeiro AJ, Cardoso L, Maia JM, Coutinho T, Cotovio M. Prevalence of Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses from the north of Portugal. Parasitol Res 2013 Jul;112(7):2611-7.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-013-3429-9pubmed: 23591484google scholar: lookup
  125. Overzier E, Pfister K, Thiel C, Herb I, Mahling M, Silaghi C. Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks: comparison of prevalences and partial 16S rRNA gene variants in urban, pasture, and natural habitats. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013 Mar;79(5):1730-4.
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.03300-12pubmed: 23263964google scholar: lookup
  126. Miller RS, Farnsworth ML, Malmberg JL. Diseases at the livestock-wildlife interface: status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States. Prev Vet Med 2013 Jun 1;110(2):119-32.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021pubmed: 23254245google scholar: lookup
  127. Silaghi C, Woll D, Mahling M, Pfister K, Pfeffer M. Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in rodents in an area with sympatric existence of the hard ticks Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, Germany. Parasit Vectors 2012 Dec 7;5:285.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-285pubmed: 23216786google scholar: lookup
  128. Dyachenko V, Geiger C, Pantchev N, Majzoub M, Bell-Sakyi L, Krupka I, Straubinger RK. Isolation of canine Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from clinical blood samples using the Ixodes ricinus cell line IRE/CTVM20. Vet Microbiol 2013 Mar 23;162(2-4):980-986.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.021pubmed: 23146170google scholar: lookup
  129. Silaghi C, Woll D, Hamel D, Pfister K, Mahling M, Pfeffer M. Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ticks, ticks parasitizing rodents and the parasitized rodents--analyzing the host-pathogen-vector interface in a metropolitan area. Parasit Vectors 2012 Sep 5;5:191.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-191pubmed: 22950642google scholar: lookup
  130. Michalik J, Stańczak J, Cieniuch S, Racewicz M, Sikora B, Dabert M. Wild boars as hosts of human-pathogenic Anaplasma phagocytophilum variants. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Jun;18(6):998-1001.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1806.110997pubmed: 22607827google scholar: lookup
  131. Lommano E, Bertaiola L, Dupasquier C, Gern L. Infections and coinfections of questing Ixodes ricinus ticks by emerging zoonotic pathogens in Western Switzerland. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012 Jul;78(13):4606-12.
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.07961-11pubmed: 22522688google scholar: lookup
  132. Estrada-Peña A, Ayllón N, de la Fuente J. Impact of climate trends on tick-borne pathogen transmission. Front Physiol 2012;3:64.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00064pubmed: 22470348google scholar: lookup
  133. Giudice E, Giannetto C, Furco V, Alongi A, Torina A. Anaplasma phagocytophilum seroprevalence in equids: a survey in Sicily (Italy). Parasitol Res 2012 Aug;111(2):951-5.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-012-2854-5pubmed: 22362364google scholar: lookup
  134. Uehlinger FD, Clancey NP, Lofstedt J. Granulocytic anaplasmosis in a horse from Nova Scotia caused by infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Can Vet J 2011 May;52(5):537-40.
    pubmed: 22043078
  135. Silaghi C, Kohn B, Chirek A, Thiel C, Nolte I, Liebisch G, Pfister K. Relationship of molecular and clinical findings on Anaplasma phagocytophilum involved in natural infections of dogs. J Clin Microbiol 2011 Dec;49(12):4413-4.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.06041-11pubmed: 22012012google scholar: lookup
  136. Hamel D, Silaghi C, Lescai D, Pfister K. Epidemiological aspects on vector-borne infections in stray and pet dogs from Romania and Hungary with focus on Babesia spp. Parasitol Res 2012 Apr;110(4):1537-45.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2659-ypubmed: 21947342google scholar: lookup
  137. De UK, Dey S, Banerjee PS, Sahoo M. Correlations among Anaplasma marginale parasitemia and markers of oxidative stress in crossbred calves. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012 Mar;44(3):385-8.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-011-9938-6pubmed: 21842137google scholar: lookup
  138. Rikihisa Y. Mechanisms of obligatory intracellular infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011 Jul;24(3):469-89.
    doi: 10.1128/CMR.00064-10pubmed: 21734244google scholar: lookup
  139. Jiang JF, Jiang BG, Yu JH, Zhang WY, Gao HW, Zhan L, Sun Y, Zhang XA, Zhang PH, Liu W, Wu XM, Xu RM, Cao WC. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks, China-Russia border. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 May;17(5):932-4.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1705.101630pubmed: 21529418google scholar: lookup
  140. Scharf W, Schauer S, Freyburger F, Petrovec M, Schaarschmidt-Kiener D, Liebisch G, Runge M, Ganter M, Kehl A, Dumler JS, Garcia-Perez AL, Jensen J, Fingerle V, Meli ML, Ensser A, Stuen S, von Loewenich FD. Distinct host species correlate with Anaplasma phagocytophilum ankA gene clusters. J Clin Microbiol 2011 Mar;49(3):790-6.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.02051-10pubmed: 21177886google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.