FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / The Pattern of Superficial Body Temperatures in Leisure Hors...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2019; 9(12); 1095; doi: 10.3390/ani9121095

The Pattern of Superficial Body Temperatures in Leisure Horses Lunged with Commonly Used Lunging Aids.

Abstract: The natural head and neck position (HNP) of horses differs from the position in horse riding when bit is used. The special lunging aids (LAs) are applied in order to modify HNP. Different types of LAs have the potential to affect the work of horse muscles and the superficial thermographic patterns (STPs). The effects of thre LAs on STPs of neck, chest, back, and hindquarters were investigated. Methods: Sixteen leisure horses were lunged with freely moving head (FMH), rubber band (RB), chambon (CH), and triangle side reins (TRs). The thermographic images (n = 896) were analyzed before/after lunging for mean temperatures (T) and minimum-maximum difference (T). Results: Superficial T increased ( < 0.001) in cranial part of neck, back, thoracic area, and limbs after lunging regardless of LAs application or its type. In comparison to other LAs: With RB, T was higher in regions of interest (ROIs) 2,7 and lower in ROIs 3-4 ( < 0.05); with CH, T was higher in ROIs 2-4 and 7 ( < 0.01); and with TRs, T was higher in ROIs 2-4,7,9-11 ( < 0.01). In ROIs 2-4 and 7, T was lower with LAs than with FMH ( < 0.01) and in ROIs 9-10 with TRs. Conclusions: The choice of LAs should be dictated by the expected effect; however, all LAs increase the quality of the leisure horse lunging. LA use is more desirable than lunging with FMH.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-12-07 PubMed ID: 31817842PubMed Central: PMC6940826DOI: 10.3390/ani9121095Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study explores how the use of different lunging aids during horse training can change the superficial body temperature of horses, possibly indicating the work of different muscles.

Objective and Methodology

  • The study is designed to determine the impact of different lunging aids (LAs) on the superficial thermographic patterns (STPs) in different parts of horses’ bodies including the neck, chest, back, and hindquarters. LAs are equipment used during equestrian training that help in adjusting the horse’s head and neck position (HNP).
  • For this study, sixteen leisure horses were lunged using various LAs, namely, freely moving head (FMH), rubber band (RB), chambon (CH), and triangle side reins (TRs).
  • In total, 896 thermographic images were studied, both before and after lunging with these aids. The researchers then analyzed these images for changes in mean temperatures (T) and compared the difference between the minimum and maximum temperatures (T).

Results

  • The study found that the use of lunging aids led to a measurable increase in superficial temperature in various parts of the horse’s body following lunging, regardless of which type of LA was used. Such areas included the cranial part of the neck, back, thoracic area, and the limbs of the horses.
  • Specifically, with the use of an RB, certain regions of interest (ROIs) showed a higher temperature, while others showed lower temperatures when compared to the other lunging aids. Similar changes were seen when using the CH and TRs, with certain regions showing an increase in temperature.

Conclusions

  • The researchers concluded that the choice of lunging aids should be determined by the desired outcome in terms of which parts of the horse’s body are to be worked. However, overall, the use of LAs appeared to improve the quality of leisure horse lunging.
  • Furthermore, the data suggest that using LAs is generally more effective than simply lunging with FMH, as different LAs seemed to engage different muscle groups in the horses, as indicated by the changes in superficial body temperature.

Cite This Article

APA
Maśko M, Zdrojkowski L, Domino M, Jasinski T, Gajewski Z. (2019). The Pattern of Superficial Body Temperatures in Leisure Horses Lunged with Commonly Used Lunging Aids. Animals (Basel), 9(12), 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121095

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 12
PII: 1095

Researcher Affiliations

Maśko, Malgorzata
  • Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Zdrojkowski, Lukasz
  • Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Domino, Malgorzata
  • Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Jasinski, Tomasz
  • Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Gajewski, Zdzislaw
  • Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 32 references
  1. Petsche VM, Derksen FJ, Berney CE, Robinson NE. Effect of Head position on upper airway function in exercising horses.. Equine Vet. J. 1995;27:18–22.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04883.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  2. Kienapfel K, Link Y, König V Borstel U. Prevalence of different head-neck positions in horses shown at dressage competitions and their relation to conflict behaviour and performance marks.. PLoS One 2014;9(8):e103140.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103140pmc: PMC4121138pubmed: 25090242google scholar: lookup
  3. Rhodin M, Johnston C, Holm KR, Wennerstrand J, Drevemo S. The influence of head and neck position on kinematics of the back in riding horses at the walk and trot.. Equine Vet J 2005 Jan;37(1):7-11.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164054406928pubmed: 15651727google scholar: lookup
  4. Becker-Birck M, Schmidt A, Wulf M, Aurich J, von der Wense A, Möstl E, Berz R, Aurich C. Cortisol release, heart rate and heart rate variability, and superficial body temperature, in horses lunged either with hyperflexion of the neck or with an extended head and neck position.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013 Apr;97(2):322-30.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01274.xpubmed: 22320155google scholar: lookup
  5. Biau S, Couve O, Lemaire S, Barrey E. The effect of reins on kinetic variables of locomotion.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 Sep;(34):359-62.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05448.xpubmed: 12405716google scholar: lookup
  6. Gómez Alvarez CB, Rhodin M, Bobber MF, Meyer H, Weishaupt MA, Johnston C, Van Weeren PR. The effect of head and neck position on the thoracolumbar kinematics in the unridden horse.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):445-51.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05585.xpubmed: 17402464google scholar: lookup
  7. Clayton HM, Kaiser LJ, Lavagnino M, Stubbs NC. Evaluation of intersegmental vertebral motion during performance of dynamic mobilization exercises in cervical lateral bending in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2012 Aug;73(8):1153-9.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1153pubmed: 22849675google scholar: lookup
  8. Clayton HM, Larson B, Kaiser LJ, Lavagnino M. Length and elasticity of side reins affect rein tension at trot.. Vet J 2011 Jun;188(3):291-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.027pubmed: 20638876google scholar: lookup
  9. Daly J. Recreation and Sport Planning and Design. Human Kinetics; Champaign, IL, USA: 2000. pp. 1825–5076.
  10. Janczarek I, Wilk I. Leisure riding horses: research topics versus the needs of stakeholders.. Anim Sci J 2017 Jul;88(7):953-958.
    doi: 10.1111/asj.12800pubmed: 28422370google scholar: lookup
  11. Blokhuis MZ, Lundgren C. Riders’ Perceptions of Equestrian Communication in Sports Dressage.. Soc. Anim. 2017;25:573–591.
    doi: 10.1163/15685306-12341476google scholar: lookup
  12. Evans GP, Behiri JC, Vaughan LC, Bonfield W. The response of equine cortical bone to loading at strain rates experienced in vivo by the galloping horse.. Equine Vet J 1992 Mar;24(2):125-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02796.xpubmed: 1582390google scholar: lookup
  13. Sleutjens J, Smiet E, van Weeren R, van der Kolk J, Back W, Wijnberg ID. Effect of head and neck position on intrathoracic pressure and arterial blood gas values in Dutch Warmblood riding horses during moderate exercise.. Am J Vet Res 2012 Apr;73(4):522-8.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.4.522pubmed: 22452499google scholar: lookup
  14. Arruda TZ, Brass KE, de la Corte FD. Thermographic assessment of saddles used on jumping horses.. JEVS 2011;31:625–629.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.05.011google scholar: lookup
  15. Simon EL, Gaughan EM, Epp T, Spire M. Influence of exercise on thermographically determined surface temperatures of thoracic and pelvic limbs in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 Dec 15;229(12):1940-4.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.229.12.1940pubmed: 17173534google scholar: lookup
  16. Redaelli V, Bergero D, Zucca E, Ferruci F, Costa LN, Luzi F. Use of thermography techniques in equines: Principles and applications.. JEVS 2014;34:345–350.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.07.007google scholar: lookup
  17. Soroko M, Jodkowska E, Zablocka M. The use of thermography to evaluate back musculoskeletal responses of young racehorses to training.. Thermol. Int. 2012;22:152–156.
  18. Purohit R. Standards for thermal imaging in veterinary medicine.. Thermol. Int. 2009;19:99.
    doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2015.1206google scholar: lookup
  19. Moine S, Flammer SA, de Jesus Maia-Nussbaumer P, Klopfenstein Bregger MD, Gerber V. Evaluation of the effects of performance dentistry on equine rideability: a randomized, blinded, controlled trial.. Vet Q 2017 Dec;37(1):195-199.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1329598pubmed: 28488462google scholar: lookup
  20. Schmidt A, Aurich J, Möstl E, Müller J, Aurich C. Changes in cortisol release and heart rate and heart rate variability during the initial training of 3-year-old sport horses.. Horm Behav 2010 Sep;58(4):628-36.
    doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.06.011pubmed: 20600048google scholar: lookup
  21. Wijnberg ID, Sleutjens J, Van Der Kolk JH, Back W. Effect of head and neck position on outcome of quantitative neuromuscular diagnostic techniques in Warmblood riding horses directly following moderate exercise.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):261-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00224.xpubmed: 21059016google scholar: lookup
  22. Pfau T, Stubbs NC, Kaiser LJ, Brown LE, Clayton HM. Effect of trotting speed and circle radius on movement symmetry in horses during lunging on a soft surface.. Am J Vet Res 2012 Dec;73(12):1890-9.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1890pubmed: 23176414google scholar: lookup
  23. Dunbar DC, Macpherson JM, Simmons RW, Zarcades A. Stabilization and mobility of the head, neck and trunk in horses during overground locomotion: comparisons with humans and other primates.. J Exp Biol 2008 Dec;211(Pt 24):3889-907.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.020578pmc: PMC2768006pubmed: 19043061google scholar: lookup
  24. Manfredi J, Clayton HM, Rosenstein D. Radiographic study of bit position within the horses oral cavity.. Equine Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2005;2:195–201.
    doi: 10.1079/ECP200564google scholar: lookup
  25. Tokuriki M, Aoki O. Neck muscles activity in horses during locomotion with and without a rider.. Equine Exerc. Physiol. 1991;3:146–150.
  26. Gellman KS, Bertram JES. The equine nuchal ligament 2: Passive dynamic energy exchange in locomotion.. Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol. 2002;15:7–14.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1632706google scholar: lookup
  27. Paulekas R, Haussler KK. Principles and practice of therapeutic exercise for horses.. JEVS 2009;29:870–893.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.10.019google scholar: lookup
  28. de Cocq P, van Weeren PR, Back W. Effects of girth, saddle and weight on movements of the horse.. Equine Vet J 2004 Dec;36(8):758-63.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044848000pubmed: 15656511google scholar: lookup
  29. Rekant SI, Lyons MA, Pacheco JM, Arzt J, Rodriguez LL. Veterinary applications of infrared thermography.. Am J Vet Res 2016 Jan;77(1):98-107.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.77.1.98pubmed: 26709943google scholar: lookup
  30. Soroko M, Śpitalniak-Bajerska K, Zaborski D, Poźniak B, Dudek K, Janczarek I. Exercise-induced changes in skin temperature and blood parameters in horses.. Arch Anim Breed 2019;62(1):205-213.
    doi: 10.5194/aab-62-205-2019pmc: PMC6852865pubmed: 31807631google scholar: lookup
  31. Redaelli V, Luzi F, Mazzola S, Bariffi GD, Zappaterra M, Nanni Costa L, Padalino B. The Use of Infrared Thermography (IRT) as Stress Indicator in Horses Trained for Endurance: A Pilot Study.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Mar 7;9(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9030084pmc: PMC6466296pubmed: 30866503google scholar: lookup
  32. Fenner K, Yoon S, White P, Starling M, McGreevy P. The Effect of Noseband Tightening on Horses' Behavior, Eye Temperature, and Cardiac Responses.. PLoS One 2016;11(5):e0154179.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154179pmc: PMC4854461pubmed: 27140187google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Domino M, Borowska M, Trojakowska A, Kozłowska N, Zdrojkowski Ł, Jasiński T, Smyth G, Maśko M. The Effect of Rider:Horse Bodyweight Ratio on the Superficial Body Temperature of Horse's Thoracolumbar Region Evaluated by Advanced Thermal Image Processing. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jan 13;12(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12020195pubmed: 35049815google scholar: lookup
  2. Mieszkowska M, Adamiak Z, Holak P, Głodek J, Jastrzębska E, Wolińska K, Mieszkowski M. The Effect of Horse Shoeing with Egg Bar Shoes and Shoes with Wedge Pads on the Results of Thermal Imaging of the Equine Distal Limb. Animals (Basel) 2021 May 21;11(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11061479pubmed: 34063756google scholar: lookup
  3. Domino M, Romaszewski M, Jasiński T, Maśko M. Comparison of the Surface Thermal Patterns of Horses and Donkeys in Infrared Thermography Images. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 24;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10122201pubmed: 33255408google scholar: lookup
  4. Domańska-Kruppa N, Wierzbicka M, Stefanik E. Advances in the Clinical Diagnostics to Equine Back Pain: A Review of Imaging and Functional Modalities. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 23;14(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14050698pubmed: 38473083google scholar: lookup
  5. Maśko M, Sikorska U, Borowska M, Zdrojkowski Ł, Jasiński T, Domino M. The Postural and Body Surface Temperature Response of Leisure Horses to Lunging with Selected Lunging Aids. Animals (Basel) 2023 Dec 20;14(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14010022pubmed: 38200753google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.