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Journal of anatomy2003; 203(2); 173-189; doi: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00213.x

The real response of bone to exercise.

Abstract: This review presents findings made in studies of large mammalian bones, especially from racehorse training experiments (2-8 years old, third metacarpal, tarsal) and human autopsy orthopaedic femoral implant retrievals and other human biopsy and autopsy cases. Samples were cleaned to analyse mineralized matrix in three dimensions, or poly methyl-methacrylate embedded and micromilled to delete topography and study the superficial c. 0.5-microm two-dimensional section using quantitative backscattered electron imaging. With experimental implant studies in rabbits, observations were also made in vivo using confocal microscopy. Cracks in both calcified cartilage and bone may be removed by infilling with calcified matrix. This may be a general repair mechanism for calcified connective tissue crack repair. The fraction of the organ volume occupied by any form of bone tissue in equine distal third metacarpal extremities was increased in the more exercised groups by bone deposited within former marrow adipocytic space. Where deposited upon prior lamellar bone surfaces, this occurred without the intervention of prior resorption and without the formation of a hypermineralized cement line. Exercise inhibited osteoclastic resorption at external anatomical growth modelling sites where it normally occurs. Addition is not coupled to time-wasting resorption: both internally and externally, it occurs both by layering on existing cancellous surfaces and by creation of new immature scaffold, with de novo incorporation of a rich, capillary blood vessel supply. The real response within bone organs subjected to mechanical overload exercise within normal physiological limits is to make more, and to lose less, bone.
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Publication Date: 2003-08-20 PubMed ID: 12924818PubMed Central: PMC1571152DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00213.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focused on understanding the real impacts of exercise on the bones of large mammals, particularly horses and humans. The study revealed that exercise leads to a deposition of bone within former marrow adipocytic space, potentially improving bone density, and that exercise also inhibits resorption at external anatomical growth modeling sites.

Research Method

  • The researchers studied large mammalian bones, primarily from racehorse training experiments and human autopsy femoral implant retrievals. They also examined other human biopsy and autopsy cases.
  • Bone samples were thoroughly cleaned for the analysis of the mineralized matrix in three dimensions. The samples were embedded in poly methyl-methacrylate and then micromilled to delete topography. This allowed the researchers to study a thin two-dimensional section of the outer layer of the sample using backscattered electron imaging.
  • In addition to examining previously collected specimens, the researchers conducted in vivo observations with experimental implant studies in rabbits using confocal microscopy. This allowed them to track changes in real-time.

Key Findings

  • Cracks in both calcified cartilage and bone can be repaired via infilling with calcified matrix, suggesting a possible generalized repair mechanism for calcified connective tissue.
  • Exercise stimulates the deposit of bone within the areas formerly occupied by marrow adipocytic tissue. This was especially observable in horse bones where the fraction of the organ volume occupied by bone tissue was found to be larger in animals that exercised more.
  • The added bone surface did not require the intervention of prior resorption and did not form a hypermineralized cement line, indicating that the bone addition process is not coupled to time-wasting resorption.
  • Exercise appeared to inhibit osteoclastic resorption at external anatomical growth modeling sites, suggesting that it can counter the normal occurrence of bone loss in these areas.
  • Bone addition was noted both through layering on existing cancellous surfaces and by creation of new immature scaffolds, incorporating a rich, capillary blood vessel supply. These processes indicate an improvement in bone regeneration and resource supply.

Conclusion

  • The study concludes that the primary response of bone to exercise within physiological limits is to form more bone and lose less. This is a consequential realisation in bone biology, as it emphasizes the importance of mechanical overload exercise in maintaining and increasing bone density and strength.

Cite This Article

APA
Boyde A. (2003). The real response of bone to exercise. J Anat, 203(2), 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00213.x

Publication

Journal of anatomy
ISSN: 0021-8782
NlmUniqueID: 0137162
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 203
Issue: 2
Pages: 173-189

Researcher Affiliations

Boyde, Alan
  • Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK. a.boyde@ucl.ac.uk

MeSH Terms

  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • Animals
  • Bone Remodeling / physiology
  • Bone Resorption / pathology
  • Bone and Bones / blood supply
  • Bone and Bones / pathology
  • Bone and Bones / physiology
  • Exercise / physiology
  • Female
  • Fractures, Bone / pathology
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Imaging, Three-Dimensional
  • Mammals / physiology
  • Microscopy, Confocal
  • Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  • Rabbits
  • Stress, Mechanical

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